CHAPTER VI

THE OLD AND THE NEW

The years from 1907 to 1913 constituted a period when there was a tendency to cling to the old and make place for the new. There were marked evidences of a new appreciation for the old but not a sharp breaking off from it. The new was meeting the old and recognizing the kinship of the two. Masonry had its traditions which were to be maintained in the generations of the past, the recognition of its pioneers and the cooperation with new leadership. This called for cooperation with the Prince Hall Grand Lodge of Massachusetts in keeping alive the memory of the First Grand Master. It also meant that Ohio would be concerned with keeping alive the memory of its own historic heroes through the sale and distribution of its published history. While the members of the Grand Lodge knew that the past was to be revered, they also knew that it was a challenge to the future.

In this connection, there was the continued effort by the Grand Lodge of the State of Ohio and its jurisdiction to participate in the annual ceremonies in memory of Prince Hall. Again in 1907, a similar action was taken. Grand Master Frederic S. Monroe of the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts described the scene in 1907: "The tall granite shaft representing a broken column, was crowned with a wreath of laurel which floated the stars and stripes from this; descending spirally to the base was a broad band of laurel and smilax, the sombre hue of green being with flowers scattered here and there as if springing naturally from a grassy soil around the column at regular intervals from top to bottom and passing under the spiral band, were broad and deep rich purple ribbons upon which were embossed in letters of white the names of the contributing lodges as follows: Ohio, Michigan, South Carolina, District of Columbia." The program was carried out as was stated, "with honor to the day and time." Grand Master Monroe also gave credit to Past Grand Master William T. Boyd of Ohio, for it was lie who originated the plan to honor Prince Hall and expressed the i'()I)e that other lodges would follow the example of the Grand Lodge of Ohio.

Another proposal pointing toward the past was made in 1907 for a National Masonic Congress. An original proposal had been made in 1904. The invitation was received by Grand Master Clemens for a Masonic Congress in St. Louis, August 9, 1907, and his reply was that Ohio would not represented. He gave as his reasons the discouraging advice from Brothers Boyd, Parbam, Brown and Buckner, all of whom had had past experiences of dissatisfaction with this Congress, the financial condition of the Grand Lodge and in St. Louis ''the bitter race prejudice which one would necessarily encounter would render the visit very unpleasant.'' A second Congress was called to be held in Norfolk, Virginia, September 24, 1907. The invitation was referred to the Committee on Finance, which did not act upon the subject. It was evident that the Ohio Grand Lodge was not going to turn back the hands of its clock of progress to be hampered by a nationalistic concept for Masonry

Continuous emphasis had placed by Grand Master Clemens upon the observance of St. John's Day, June 24, of each year. An increasing number of subordinate lodges had l undertaken to give attention to this program as result of this insistence and the approval of the Grand Lodge. Lodges from Massillon, Canton and Alliance joined in a united celebration of St. John's Day in 1907.

The organization and established of new lodges moved slowly. Only one lodge was established after receiving in 1906 its approval at the Grand Lodge Communication in 1906. This was Fidelity Lodge No. 71 at Madisonville, Ohio. Brother L. D. Easton duly constituted the Lodge as proxy for the Grand Master on August 3 in the Hall of St. John Lodge No 3. The officers were Charles T. Henderson, Worshipful Master; William Rife, Senior Warden; George Frye, Junior Warden; Ollie Moore, Senior Deacon Douglass Rout, Junior Deacon; Collins Lomay, Treasurer and 'ohn Thomas, Secretary. This was the lodge which was reported to have been sought by the "bogus peddlers of masonry."

The 58th Annual Communication of the Grand Lodge for the State of Ohio and its Jurisdiction assembled in Columbus, Ohio, in the Hall of St. Mark's Lodge No. 7, on August 20 and 21, 1907. The Grand Lodge was opened in due form by Deputy Grand Master W. M. Hnnnicutt with devotional exercises by Grand Chaplain I. L. Strother. Grand Master Clemens they took over the craft by appointing committees and beginning the transaction of business. There were forty-two lodges represented with twenty Grand Officers, twenty-two Past Grand Officers and one Past Grand Master. The total membership in good standing as of June 24, 1907, was reported as 1,317. The elective Grand Officers present were William F. Clemens, Grand Master; W. At. Huunicutt, Deputy Grand Master; A. M. Clemens, Senior Grand Warden; Joseph J. Lee, Junior Grand Warden; James A. Guy, Grand Treasurer and William H. Buckner, Grand Secretary.

The annual address of Grand Master Clemens referred to the peace and prosperity within the Jurisdiction and stated that the year had been a very prosperous one for the Grand Lodge in Ohio. He said that there had been improvement in the lodge meeting places and that "the moral standing of the Fraternity had been elevated.'' The address dealt with Necrology, New Lodges, Commission, Laying Cornerstones, Special Dispensations, Official Acts, Condition of the Order, Order of the Jurisdiction, Our History, honoring the First Grand Master, Courtesies Shown, Lodges Reinstated, St. John's Day, Foreign Affair's, Reception of Foreign Representatives, Order of Election, the Negro Masonic Congress and continental Observance. The Minutes state that ''the address was a full and instructive effort and Contained many timely suggestions for the good of Masonry." The Committee on Grand Master's Address reported that the Grand Lodge should congratulate itself that it has ''so able and efficient an office,'' and commended him.

In reporting the publication and sale of the history, the Grand Master stated that one year had elapsed since the volume had been ready for distribution, but the sales had been disappointing. He had sent a letter to all lodges urging its purchase. He added that it was not the purpose to speculate but only to meet the expenses. His appeal was for "every brother here to take a copy," to purchase one for the lodge library and to insist on every member to purchase one.

The Grand Secretary William H. Buckner, reported receipts of $1,123.10 from 46 lodges and a balance of $154.39, and urged the lodge members to secure copies of the revised constitution. Benefit Association which had been approved by the Grand Lodge in 1906 made a report showing the following forty-eight members, St. Mark's Lodge No. 7 - eight; Excelsior Lodge No. 1l - nine; St. Luke's Lodge No. 33 - six; Light of the West Lodge No. 46 - twenty-two; and Morning Star Lodge No. 71 - three. There had been $28.36 collected with balance on hand of $18.18. This Association was continued for one year.

The Grand Officers elected at this Grand Lodge were: William fl. Clemens, Toledo, Grand Master; William A. Hunnicutt, Zanesville, Deputy Grand Master; Joseph J. Lee Columbus, Senior Grand Warden; Frank A. B. Hall, Cincinnati, Junior Grand Warden; James A. Guy, Zanesville, Grand Treasurer; William H. Buckner, Grand Secretary.

In November, 1907, Past Grand Master Richard H. Gleaves of Ohio, who was making his home in Washington, D. C. passed to his reward. He was the fifth Grand Master of the Grand Lodge, after serving two years as Deputy Grand Master. He was the pioneer Mason who went out to the west from St. Cyprian Lodge of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and initiated the work for the foundation of the Grand Lodge for Ohio and its Jurisdiction. He established lodges hi different parts of the country. His death added to the general belief that the to old guard was passing and a new era was at hand.

A second pioneer Grand Lodge member was Charles in. Nichols, whose death occurred in January, 1908. He had served for 17 years as Worshipful Master of Wilberforce Lodge No. 21, and was instrumental hi the establishment of Xenia Commandery No. 8, serving as its first Hunnicut Commander. He was Deputy Grand Master in 1891-1892.

A third pioneer in Prince Hall Masonry was Brother Louis D. Easton, whose death occurred April 17, 1908. As citizen, teacher and Mason, he was well known. From 1878 to 1889, he was Grand High Priest of Royal Arch Masons; from 1899 to 1904, he was Grand Secretary, and from 1901 to 1904, he was Grand Lecturer for the Grand Lodge. He was the first colored man to matriculate at the University of Cincinnati and the first to be placed on the pension roll of the teacher's of Hamilton County. These Masons, Brothers Cleaves, Nichols and Easton formed a brilliant trio of workers in the Masonic quarry of life, who laid the foundation for the expansion of subsequent decades. They represented the passing of the old.

Two new lodges were organized in 1908. The Lodge at Canton, Ohio had its origin in an application sent to Grand Master Clemens on January 16, 1908. This application was approved by Mt. Olive Lodge No. 66 of Alliance and Doric Lodge No. 69 of Massillon. The Grand Master issued his proxy to Brother William Mosby, Past Master of Mt. Olive Lodge No. 66 on February 13 who opened the lodge at Canton, assisted by other Grand Lodge Masons. The lodge was set up and the dispensation was delivered to C. W. Richardson, Worshipful Master; W. W. Edmonds, Senior Warden and J. R. Maskey, Junior Warden. The installation of these officers was held on Thanksgiving bay, November 26, 1908. Brother Mosby reported later that he had visited two meetings of this lodge and it was his belief that this lodge would be ''in front ranks before many months Hiram Abiff Lodge.''

The second lodge was Central Star Lodge at Oberlin, Ohio. On August 18, 1908, Grand Master Clemens went to Oberlin and established the lodge with thirteen candidates assisted by Grand Lecturer Cory J. Adams and Brother Thomas H. Edmonds. The dispensation was issued to Brother I. L. Hurd, Worshipful Master; Virgil Bennett, Senior Warden and Julius Mason, Junior Warden. The Grand Master stated that "in this college town, Masonry will be a beacon light and to the many available persons who are desirous of light h Masonry, Central Star will soon rank among our best lodges."

The 59th Annual Communication of the Grand Lodge for the State of Ohio and its Jurisdiction was held at the Knights of Pythian Hall, Piqua, Ohio, August 18 and 19, 1908. The address of welcome was given by Honorable George W. Berry on behalf of the citizens of Piqua. The response on behalf of the Grand Lodge was delivered by Brother Charles A. Cottrell. The Grand Lodge then prepared to open its business session in due form under Deputy Grand Master W. M. Hunnicutt. After devotional exercises, Grand Master William in Clemens presided. There were 41 lodges represented, 9 Past Grand Officers and 19 Past Masters, with 13 Foreign representatives.

The Grand Officers were: William E. Clemens, Grand Master; W. M. Hunnicutt, Deputy Grand Master; Joseph J. Lee, Senior Grand Warden; Frank A. B. Hall, Junior Grand Warden; W. W. Hill, Grand Treasurer and William H. Buckner, Grand Secretary.

Grand Master Clemens delivered his annual address, embracing his usual topics. He directed attention to a letter from Mrs. Georgina Gleaves, widow of Past Grand Master Richard H. Gleaves, requesting a donation to assist in erecting a monument over his grave. He observed in a subsequent letter that the Grand Lodge of the District of Columbia, where Brother Gleaves had retired was also considering the proposal. The Grand Master recommended that a suitable sum be given to assist in placing a monument at his grave.

The address reported visitation to lodges, the laying of cornerstones of churches by Masonic lodges his dispensations, honoring the First Grand Master and official acts. He reported that there had been a steady growth in membership and that the financial condition was excellent in spite of the financial panic. One of his admonitions presented again was to urge lodges not to be content in rented halls but "to see to it that we secure homes of our own.'' This advice was in order because the hall in which the Grand Lodge assembled was a Hall.

In referring to the punished history, he called attention "to the seeming indifference and non-appreciation on the part of our lodges to our history." He said that the Grand Lodge had gone to considerable expense in the faith that the members would stand by her in publishing the work. He urged the masters to return to their lodges and bring the subject before their members. He said that in years to come, one who possesses a copy will have a valuable acquisition to his Masonic Library.

One of the subjects which occupied discussion was the W. H. Upton Memorial. A communication was received under date of June 8, 1908, from the Prince Hall Grand Lodge of Massachusetts Frederic S. Monroe, Grand Master stating that the Lodge had assumed the duty of raising a fund for the building of a monument to this great Mason. The W. H. Upton Memorial Committee had been formed by the Massachusetts Grand Lodge. Request was made by it for cooperation and appeal was made for contributions. The communication declared, "To us, saddened by his loss, belongs the duty of placing on enduring record his virtues and thereby proving ourselves worry of his friendship and esteem. ' ' Grand Master Clemens said that he had sent letters to the Jurisdiction urging support of the plan and he recommended that the Grand Lodge of Ohio show its appreciation of the efforts of William H. Upton whom he called "a brave defender of Negro Masonry."

Grand Master Clemens also recommended participation by the Grand Lodge in the Centennial Celebration of the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts, September 10 and 11 1908, and the election of a delegate to represent the Grand Lodge in this most important event in the history of Negro Masonry.

Brother William T. Boyd, Past Grand Master, was elected to represent the Grand Lodge for Ohio at this Centennial with his expenses paid by the Grand Lodge.

Another proposal by the Grand Master was the creation of an endowment Fund for the benefit of widows and orphans. The plan in operation seemed not to be working too well. The cash on hand in the Ideal Mutual Benefit Association on August 21, 1907, was $18.18 and on August 18, 1908, was $24.68. These results showed slow progress. The Grand Lodge had also adopted a child and had become the Guardian of an adopted daughter, Gertrude Louisa Venerable of Lima, Ohio, with the agreement to be responsible for her expenses while she was living with her grandparents. The sum of $20.20 had been collected and an offering of $18.77 was received at the Grand Lodge for this purpose. These plans indicated the interests of the Grand Lodge in the care of children.

The election and installation of officers were as follows: William F. Clemens, Toledo, Grand Master; W. M. Hunnicut, Zanesville, Deputy Grand Master; Joseph J. Lee, Columbus, Senior Grand Warden; Frank A. B. Hall, Cincinnati, Junior Grand Warden; Otis G. Fields, Toledo, Grand Treasurer; William H. Buckner, Columbus, Grand Secretary.

There were references to the indebtedness in dues of many lodges of the Grand Lodge in the reports of the Officers and the Committee on Finance recommended that the matter be given immediate attention. This condition was due largely to the Panic of 1907 and its aftermath in 1908. Banks, insurance companies and corporations failed. As the year 1908 went on, recovery by business and labor was gradually gained.

When the Grand Lodge assembled in Dayton, Ohio, August 17, 1909, it was to celebrate the sixtieth anniversary of the onward march in Ohio of Masons of color. This was a historic occasion as the Grand Lodge assembled in Enterprise Hall for introductory remarks by Brother W. A. Buydden, an address of welcome by Mayor Burkhart and a response by Grand Master Clemens. Representatives were present from 46 lodges. The elected Grand Officers included William E. Clemens, Grand Master; W. M. Hunnicutt, Deputy Grand Master; Joseph J. Lee, Senior Grand Warden; F. A. B. Hall, Junior Grand Warden; O. G. Fields, Grand Treasurer and William H. Buckner, Grand Secretary.

Grand Master Clemens presented his annual address at the opening business session. Among the deaths announced was the passing of Brother James A. Guy, Grand Treasurer. He had been in educational work for thirty-six years in Zanesville, Ohio. Golden Rule Lodge elected him as its first Worshipful Master for twenty-one years and as its Secretary for eight years. He also served the Grand Lodge as Deputy Grand Master and as Grand Treasurer. Grand Master Clemens described him as "a quiet, pleasant, unassuming cultured gentleman."

Announcement was made that a new lodge was opened at Mechanicsburg, Ohio, recommended by Champion Lodge No. 15, Springfield, Ohio. The Grand Master assigned his proxy to Brother George W. Holland, Grand Master of Champion Lodge, who opened the new lodge on June 24, 1909, as Mt. Lebanon Lodge, with thirteen candidates raised as Master Masons. The lodge officers reported later wore Rev. .John H. Jones, Worshipful Master; Harry Black, Secretary; Thomas Underwood, Junior Warden; Calvin Armfleld, Treasurer; William Wright, Senior Deacon; Robert Bass, Junior Deacon. The Grand Master also reported that he had constituted and
installed the officers of Hiram Abiff Lodge No. 72 at Canton, Ohio, November 26, 1908. It had been organized December 28, 1907. Grand Master Clemens mid that he had spoken at this meeting on the subject "The Philosophy of Masonry," and that Grand Lecturer Cory Adams had spoken on "The Price of True Masonic Success." Ho reported that under its Worshipful Master, Brother C. W. Richardson, the membership of this lodge had doubled, at bogus lodge had ceased and it haul taken rank with the best lodges. Its officers wore C. W. Richardson, Worshipful Master; O. E. Spencer, Senior Warden; R. W. Green, Junior Warden; Z. A. Hunter, Treasurer; H. F. Fox, Secretary; W. R. Hoffman, Senior Deacon; Valentine S. Cook, Junior Deacon; Henry Cain, Senior Steward; E. W. Armstrong, Junior Steward and D. A. Hall, Tyler. The condition of the lodges was described by the Grand Master as "excellent" with few exceptions, and he maid that a great number of Masons had made advancement along all lines in spite of the stringent times.

During the Grand Lodge session, Grand Master Clemens reported that he had received a letter on January 11, 1908 from Booker T. Washington at Tuskegee Institute requesting assistance in clearing the Frederick Douglass Home, Anacostia, D.C., from its indebtedness, and asking for a list of Masonic lodges. The Grand Master said that he believed the project to be a worthy one, for the home of Frederick Douglass could be "to the American Negro what Mt Vernon, the home of George Washington is to the Anglo-Saxon." He had then asked the Grand Secretary to forward a list of the subordinate lodges and had received an acknowledgment from Dr. Washington.

The visitation of Grand Secretary Buckner and Past Grand Master William T. Boyd on September 9, 1908, to the grave of Prince Rail as a representative of the Grand Lodge was recounted as he said that their "hearts were made glad to see his memory and good deeds remembered and evinced by the beautiful marble shaft that stands at his grave." Past Grand Master Boyd reminded the Grand Lodge that it was "in Ohio this idea was originated, and the custom followed to place around."

Grand Master W. H. Grimshaw of Washington, D. C., in that the John O. Jones bogus Masons and that they had been prohibited from meetings, using the name of Freemasons or their emblems. In dosing this report, Grand Master Clemens said that he was satisfied that he was able to surrender the trust diminished, its character undimmed and its usefulness unim paired." The Committee on Grand Master's Address reported that his address was "an able and comprehensive document, completely covering the work done in the Jurisdiction during the year just closed."

The Ideal Mutual Benefit Association reported that it had 134 financial members, 34 un-financial ones, that there had been 2 deaths with receipts of $108.18 The returns from subordinate lodges showed a membership of 1,407 in 51 lodges, and that funds received were $918.25.

The Dayton Daily Herald, August 30, 1909 made this observation concerning the leadership of the Grand Lodge: "Grand Master William E. Clemens is, and has been for many years, Deputy Treasurer of Lucas County. Deputy Grand Master William H. Hunnicutt holds a professorship at Wilberforce University. Grand High Priest J. J. Lee holds a position of honor and trust in the Auditor's Office of Franklin County. Deputy Grand High Priest Otis G. Fields is a prominent photographer in Toledo. Grand Commander William T. Boyd has held has held continuously a position in the Big Four Railway System for more than three decades, and is well known for his writings on Masonic Subjects. Deputy Commander William H. Buckner filled creditably for years a position at the Institution for the Blind at Columbus. The roster of officers and representatives contains the names of many men of equal prominence."

The Grand Officers elected for the ensuing year were: W. W. Cordell, Cincinnati, Grand Master; W. Mt. Hunnicutt, Zanesville, Deputy Grand Master; Val R. Anderson, Dayton, Senior Grand Warden ; Mose Johnson, Cleveland, Junior Grand Warden; O. G. Fields, Toledo, Grand Treasurer and William H. Buckner, Columbus, Grand Secretary.

The new Grand Master, W. W. Cordell, was he sixteenth Grand Master in the history of the Grand Lodge. He was born August 14, 1860, and reared in Gallia County. His education was obtained in the public and private schools of his county. He moved to Cincinnati and had lived there since 1887, and was ordained to the Christian Ministry in 1895, serving later in the active Ministry. Brother Cordell saw the light of Masonry in Corinthian Lodge at the July Communication in 1891 and was made Deputy Grand Master in 1902, being re-elected in 1903 and 1904. He was Past High Priest of Prince White Chapter No. 1 RAM, Past Eminent Commander of Simon Commandery No. 1, a member of Red Rose Chapter No. 1 and King Solomon Grand Consistory. One of his contemporaries described him as, ''a Master of deep research, elevated character, priestly demeanor and eloquent speech, '' and said that he was ''a synonym on privity, fraternization, patriotism, consideration and fairness with all who knew him.''

Grand Master Cordell presided at his first Grand Lodge session which was held at Massillon, Ohio, in its Sixty-first Annual Communication, August 16, 1910. The welcome to the city was delivered by Mayor C. J. Remeley. Grand Master Cordell responded to the Mayor's welcome in what was referred to as "a happy manner" and received great applause. One of the innovations at his Grand Lodge was the presence of a large number of ladies who were visitors. They were introduced to the assembled Grand Lodge and the courtesy of the floor was extended to them. it was reported that, ''though this was the first time such an honor was extended, we hope that in the future our great body may be graced with the presence of many ladies." The session was well attended as there were 43 lodges represented. Among the Past Grand Officers was Past Grand Master William F. Clemens, who was appointed Grand Historian.

The address of Grand Master Cordell began by stating how honored he was to have received this distinction of election as Grand Master and he assured all that he was proud of it. The address included Necrology, Special Dispensations, Circular Letters, Laying the Cornerstones, Visits to Lodges, official and unofficial; Reports of Correspondence and The Condition of the Order. One of the first evidences of a new approach to his work was his plan to have every member of the lodge secure a copy of the constitution and codes for the governing of the Jurisdiction. When he found that these were out of print, he requested every Mason to send the sum of twenty cents (20¢) per member for a copy of the constitution and codes. He stated that there was a lack of funds for the printing of these and that this expense could be taken care of if this sum would be forwarded to the Grand Secretary for the number of copies that were needed. This was a manifestation that he intended to have the rules and regulations of the order made known to all members and that he himself was going to be governed equally by them.

The craft was reported by Grand Master Cordell to be in a prosperous condition so far as all lodges were concerned. Emphasis was placed upon the Ideal Masonic Benefit Association and it was stated that it had been of great assistance in cases of need. His opinion was that after four years it had not been supported as fully as it should have been, and decided to give over the last hour of the afternoon session of the first day to an exploration of the plans of the Association. The address was referred to the Committee on Grand Master's address which approved all of his reconciliations and decisions. The reports of the Deputy Grand Master, M. M. Hunnicutt and the Grand Lecturer Cory S. Adams showed that there had been cooperative activity with the Grand Master through the year. It was reported that Gertrude Louisa Venerable, the adopted daughter of the Grand Lodge, after a period of illness and misfortune had died mid was buried. The physician's bill was paid by the Grand Lodge and the funeral expenses were also paid.

The elected Grand Officers for the ensuing year were: W. W. Cordell, Cincinnati, Grand Master; W. M. Hunnicutt, Zanesville, Deputy Grand Master; Val R. Anderson, Dayton, Senior Grand Warden; Mose Johnson, Cleveland, Junior Grand Warden; Otis G. Fields, Toledo, Grand Treasurer and William H. Buckner, Columbus, Grand Secretary.

During 1911, several lodges showed distinctive progress. These were Buckeye Lodge No.68, Sumner Lodge No. 56, Miami Lodge No. 45, Ancient Square Lodge No.40, Rubicon Lodge No.27, Wilberforce Lodge No. 21, Central Star Lodge, Union Lodge No. 15, Liberty Lodge No. 12, Toussaint Lodge No. 19, and Tuscan Lodge No. 55. They were visited by Grand Lecturer Cory Adams who was also Deputy Grand Master. He found the ritual work was not entirely to standard throughout the Jurisdiction but these lodges were working and seeking to become more efficient in their work as there seemed to be a general revival of interest and attention to it. There were no new lodges organized during this year, Init the old ones were endeavoring to take on new life.

When the Most Worshipful Grand Lodge assembled in Zanesville, Ohio, August 15, 1911, for its 62nd Annual Communication, there was considerable enthusiasm and interest among the delegates and representatives. The session was held in Memorial Hall with addresses of welcome being given by Mayor A. H. Gorrell with the response by Grand Master William W. Cordell. After the conduct of the devotional exercises, the Grand Lodge opened the following morning with the Grand Master appointing committees. There were 45 lodges represented, 54 representatives, 21 Grand Officers, 15 Past Grand Officers and 2 Past Grand Masters present at this session. The lodges reported that the total number of members in good standing as of June 24, flit was 1,590.

During his address, Grand Master Cordell described circular letters which had been sent out to the lodges suggesting that free-will offerings be collected for the purpose of decorating the graves of Past Grand Masters Parham and Clark. The funds collected were to be sent to the three Worshipful Masters of the lodges in Cincinnati who would carry out the plan. On Decoration Day the Grand Master with others went to the graveyard and witnessed the faithful performance of the program. Another letter made request for information concerning the establishment of Masonic homes in the Jurisdiction. This information was desired since a committee had been appointed to look into the advisability of operating such a home through the Grand Lodge. Cornerstone laying, official visits and acts and appointments, were described by the Grand Master.

In referring to the condition of the order he stated that peace and harmony prevailed throughout the jurisdiction with but few exceptions, and that as a whole the lodges were prospering. He said that they were adding the best respected citizens to their numbers. Support was urged by the Grand Master for the Ideal Benefit Association by the members of the lodges, and a period was proposed to be given in the Grand Lodge for the discussion of its work.

One of the important sections of the address dealt with clandestine Masonry and specifically with ''the Bugus, Clandestine Grand Lodge of Ohio.'' Grand Master Cordell stated that this Lodge had issued a handbill published by J. D. Holland who styled himself a Grand Master under the Jurisdiction of the Most Worshipful St. Johns Grand Lodge of A. F. and A. M. of the State of Illinois. The Grand Master had seen a copy of the proceedings of the session of this Lodge in 1898, which had been held in Columbus and he added, "I am of the opinion that something ought to be done, if anything can be done, to put a stop to their scandalous tongues." He left the matter to the wisdom of the Grand Lodge, but suggested that a committee assemble information and that this information be placed before some competent attorney so that advice may be secured as to whether it would be wise to go into the courts or not.

This was one of the first complete recommendations concerning clandestine Masonry by the Grand Lodge of Ohio. Deputy Grand Master W. M. Hunnicutt followed the Grand Master's address with his report on the subject "The History of Freemasonry in Antiquity." Grand Lecturer Cory Adams gave his report showing that he had traveled extensively and on many occasions at his own expense.

The Committee on Masonic Home recommended that a Masonic Home to be owned and controlled by the Grand Body, should be considered and it was decided, that there should be
a purchase of a farm consisting of not less than 50 acres in the central part of the State to the location not closer than ten fifteen miles to any large city. Plans would be presented later for this purpose. The Committee also recommended that the revenue from 1912 be placed in a fund to start payment on a Masonic Home, and that the Grand Lodge meet bi-annually. The latter suggestion, however, was not adopted. A resolution was made that the recommendation of the Committee concluding the Masonic Home be referred to the lodges for a vote and a report to the Grand Master so that action could be taken at the next annual session of the Grand Lodge.

Since the Heroines of Jericho were in annual session in the city, the Grand Master appointed Brother Joseph J. Lee to convey congratulations and good wishes to them. Brother Lee went to the Hall and was received with ceremonies befitting his rank, and extended fraternal greetings.

The Grand Officers elected were: W. W. Cordell, Cincinnati, Grand Master; Cory Adams, Findlay, Deputy Grand Master Val R. Anderson, Dayton, Senior Grand Warden; Mose B.
Johnson, Cleveland, Junior Grand Warden; O. G. Fields, Toledo, Treasurer and William H. Buckner, Columbus, Grand Secretary.

According to the report of Grand Secretary Buckner, the total membership reported was 1,575 from 52 lodges. The total amount received from these lodges was $1,704.25. The Committee on Grievances reported that there were peaceful and harmonious relations existing within and between lodges and that there was no untoward incident which had been reported for adjustment. In accordance with the recommendation of Grand Master Cordell concerning spurious Masonry, a Committee composed of Brothers J. J. Lee, O. J. Fields and J. E. Jackson presented the following resolution which was adopted by the Grand Lodge by unanimous vote:

''Whereas, the territory of this Masonic Jurisdiction is being frequently invaded by imposters peddling spurious Masonry, conferring the degrees and organizing Masonic bodies without legal warrant of authority and,

''Whereas these fraudulent acts by irresponsible parties have a tendency to retard the growth of legitimate Masonry, of which this Grand Lodge is the exponent, therefore be it,
''Resolved that this Grand Lodge forbids the display of the jewels, or use of the due guards, sighs and pass words, recognized by this Grand Lodge before any organization or individual claiming to be Masons not in fraternal relation with this Grand Lodge."

The Sixty-Third Grand Lodge assembled at Columbus, Ohio, on August 20, 1912, in Annual Communication. The Grand Lodge met in the Odd Fellows Temple where a lodge of Master Masons was opened by the Most Worshipful Grand Master. After devotional services there was the appointment of the committees, the time of sessions was set and the Grand Officers, Foreign Representatives, Past Masters and Representatives were noted. There were 49 lodges represented at this Grand Lodge session. The total number of members was reported as 13,654.

The Grand Master's Annual Address to the Grand Lodge called attention to the history of the Grand Lodge which was meeting in its Sixty-third session since the representatives of the Cincinnati Lodges, Corinthian Lodge No. 17, True American No. 26 and St John No. 27 met on May 3, 1849, in Cincinnati and organized a Grand Lodge for the state. The Grand Master urged that there should be greater advances by the Craft and reminded the Grand Lodge of the words of Wendell Phillips who said, "if we do not do better than our fathers have done, then we do not do as well as our fathers have done." His communications to the Grand Lodges in circular letters and official visits were noted and reference was made to the fact that the lodges were in good condition.

Brother William T. Boyd was again appointed as the official representative to strengthen, "the fraternal chain of the Grand Lodge of Ohio and sister Grand Lodges, not only in America but in foreign countries as well." This appointment was made, " because of his fidelity to duty, his eminent fitness and the cause of his long acquaintance and familiarity with the work." Grand Master Cordell referred to the fact that correspondence had been had with the Most Worshipful Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of Hamburg, Germany, and attention was called to the fact that the Grand Lodge there was without a representative near the Grand East of the Grand Lodge of Ohio since Brother Jeremiah A. Brown was no longer active. Grand Master Cordell nominated Brother Alexander Morris, Past District Deputy Grand Master to be this representative and this was later confirmed.

One of the official acts and discussions which occupied a considerable part of the Grand Lodge of Kentucky was the relationship existing between the Grand Lodge of Kentucky and the Grand Lodge of Ohio due to the action of Tuscan Lodge No. 58 of Louisville, Kentucky. There had been over the years close relationships existing between Kentucky and Ohio for several lodges notably Southern Cross, Parham and Mount Olive Lodge in Kentucky as welt as Tuscan Lodge, had been warranted for Kentucky by the Ohio Grand Lodge. Announcement was made by the Secretary of Tuscan Lodge, Louis E. L. Washington that on February 26, 1912, a vote would be taken on the question of exchanging the warrant of Ohio for one of Kentucky.

Grand Master Cordell wrote to Brother Washington under date of January 30, 1912, advising him, ''Not to do anything that will disturb the fraternal feeling between Ohio and Kentucky. I am proud of you and I am not going to drive you away; but if you feel that it is best than leave in a manner that Ohio will feel as good toward you as Kentucky will in accepting you.'' Attention was called to the fact that Deputy Grand Master Alexander Morris had been suspended and three other brothers. Later Deputy Grand Master Morris because of the defiant attitude of Tuscan Lodge arrested its warrant. Correspondence was had with Ohio's representative, near the Grand East of Kentucky, Brother Pratt Annis.

The attitude of the Kentucky Grand Lodge is shown in a statement of Grand Master J. M. Monday when he wrote that he was "at a loss to know by what right Ohio had any jurisdiction in the state of Kentucky. There can exist but one legal Grand Lodge within the limits of any state." Following this, the then Grand Master Cordell drew up charges of un-Masonic conduct against several members of Tuscan Lodge. The decision of the Grand Master in this respect was endorsed by the Committee on Grand Master's Report and the Grand Lodge, and was referred to the Committee on Jurisprudence. The four brothers of Tuscan Lodge who had led in this incident were recommended for six months suspension, Brothers U. S. G. Haines, Frank Brown, L. E. L. Washington and J. T. Biggs Others were to be recommended for suspension by the Grand Lodge of the State of Ohio through its Grand Master and it was also recommended that this penalty was to stand until all had complied with the law of the Grand Lodge of the State of Ohio.

A section of the Grand Master's Report dealt with the statement that Brother W. T. Boyd had decided that his Masonic Library, which was regarded as being in the front ranks of Masonic Libraries in the nation, should go to the Grand Lodge of Ohio, provided it was taken in its entirety, and suitable provision made for its housing. It was provided also that in case Ohio should not desire it then the District of Columbia Grand Lodge should have a chance to secure it, and if this should fail then it was to go to Scott Bonham of Cincinnati, an eminent Masonic Jurist of the white Grand Lodge of the State of Ohio. The Grand Master recommended that this Grand Lodge accept the library on the condition laid down by Brother Boyd and make provision for its housing and maintenance. This was an important step in securing and maintaining the landmarks of the History of Masonry among Negroes in Ohio. The Grand Master then recommended that the annual dues be raised from 75 cents to $.l.00 to take care of the maintenance of the library. This recommendation however, was not approved by the Committee on Grand Master's Address, but instead the creation of a Committee of Ways and Means for this purpose was approved. The purpose for acquiring the library was also approved.

It was recommended also that since the Grand Lodge had made no provision for reporting to the Grand Lodge of the conferring of the Past Master's Degree by a lodge of Past Masters and since there was no ritual provided he recommended that the Grand Lodge appoint a committee to prepare a brief ritual for conferring this degree and of reporting the work to the Grand Lodge. In concluding his report the Grand Master said that he was thankful for the honor which had been given to him in his elections. "He said that he had been brought up at the feet of the Gamaliels of the Grand Lodge, Brothers Parham, mark and Boyd," who had arrived in Cincinnati and that he had endeavored to follow in their footsteps as they had blazed the trail. He added that having served these years he felt that it was his duty ''not to stand in the way of Brothers good and true who aspire to this grand position."

When the two projects in which the Grand Lodge was in terested came up for consideration, the Masonic Home and the Ideal Masonic Mutual Benefit Association, action was taken concerning both of these. The Committee on Masonic Home composed of Brothers Edward Berry, C. W. Richardson and John H. Bowles stated that the lodges of the state had been approached by direct letter from the Grand Master for a vote concerning the acquirement of a Masonic Home it was said that of 52 active lodges in the Jurisdiction, a report was received from only ten, seven of whom favored a Masonic Home and three voted against it. The Committee also reported that it was its opinion that in order for Ohio to secure a Masonic Home it would have to adopt the plan of Illinois and Arkansas, and that was to secure funds in advance by assessment. The recommendation was made that some plan along this line be adopted. It was further recommended that fifty per cent of the annual per capita assessment be set aside for the Masonic Home. The report was received and the Committee was continued.

The Ideal Masonic Mutual Benefit Association presented its report showing total receipts of $540.50 and total expenses of $399.50, with a balance on hand of $141.00. It was urged by the report that the Association he continued to be conducted on a business basis, that each member be punctual in paying Ms assessment and annual dues, and that additional legislation looking toward the future be approved.

The following officers were approved and installed by this Grand Communication: Gory Adams, Findlay, Grand Master; H. T. Greer, Cincinnati, Deputy Grand Master; J. H. Davis, Cleveland, Senior Grand Warden; J. Foster Lewis, Columbus, Junior Grand Warden; Otis G. Fields, Toledo, Grand Treasurer; William H. Buckner, Columbus, Grand Secretary and Joseph J. Lee, Columbus, Assistant Grand Secretary.

The old and the new had met during these years and the Grand Lodge had become more stabilized. The expansion and addition of new lodges had not been carried on to the extent as in previous periods. There was an endeavor to solidify and standardize the Grand Lodge work. There was continuous insistence upon the use of a single Ritual and for an acquaintance with the Ritual both by Grand Masters, Deputy Grand Masters and Grand Lecturers. Reverence was continuously held for the past well as future awaited the answer to the challenge for these years.

When the Most Worshipful Grand Lodge of the most honorable and Ancient Fraternity of Free and Accepted Masons for the State of Ohio and it's Jurisdiction met in Toledo, Ohio, August 19-20, 1913, for its Sixty fourth Annual Communication, one of the principal presentations and discussions dealt with these questions. This was evidenced in the Grand Master's Annual Address which was delivered in Zenobia Hal1 after devotional services and the opening or the lodge in clue form. Following the memorial service, the orders, cornerstone layings, reference was immediately had to Masonic Schools.

This began with the Grand Master's words, "There is a mistaken idea by many of the Brethren of today that, so long as we meet, transact business, pay dues and authorized the wearing of Masonic pin, we are Masters and are conducting a Masonic Lodge." The great need and the problem of the subordinate lodges today was in his opinion to have a more thorough knowledge of the work and of the laws of Masonry, and that the only solution was a proper course of Masonic training. He added, "past experience in service we have rendered in an official capacity gave us a fair knowledge of facts and conditions and I assure you, my Brethren, that unless we go back, back from whence we came, and build anew on a more substantial foundation, ancient Masonry will not be recognized or distinguished from the modern organizations of today.''

In addition the Grand Master reported that he had sent letters to the lodges of Cincinnati, Dayton, Columbus, Cleveland, Canton and Massillon to establish schools in their midst and to invite the lodges in their sections to be present and participate in the work. His report stated that the lodges were slow in taking hold of the suggestion although they seemed to be enthusiastic in their approval. He was confident, however, that in another year some advance would be made along this line and that there would be marked advancement in the efficiency of every department of Masonic work resulting from these schools. The Committee on Grand Master's Address heartily approved of this effort to establish schools and urged every Mason to assist in making the schools "unqualified successes."

Grand Master Adams noted considerable delays in the publication of the annual proceedings. This was due in part, in 1912, to the sickness or Brother William Buckner, Grand Secretary, although an Assistant, Brother J. J. Lee had been appointed to assist him. Correspondence indicated that within a short time the minutes would be out but that they were slow in appearing. This also was due to the fact that Brother William Boyd had also been ill and had been slow in sending in the material which referred to Foreign Correspondence. The Grand Master said that he could see no reason, speaking not only for this year 1913, but in general, why the proceedings of the Grand Lodge should not be in the hands of the printer within forty days and certainly not more than sixty days following the Annual Communication.

Closely associated with the idea of Masonic Schools was the distribution of the Ritual. He stated that the Grand Lodge should have ifs own ritual published and should provide for its control and distribution to the subordinate lodges. The apprentices and craftsmen had been given the Rituals from which they were to study their lectures and he regarded this practice as worthy of condemnation for the official Ritual should be exclusively the property of the Grand Lodge. The number to each lodge should be limited and the officials named who should have charge of it. He also added that the Ritual that had been published and distributed was clandestine and it should be unlawful for any regular Mason to have this Ritual in his possession. ''The present improper system,'' ho said, "is only another club that is used against the Negro Mason and I sincerely hope that proper consideration will be given to the subject at the present session." The Committee on Grand Master's Address recommended that a committee of three be appointed to draft a standard Ritual for distribution by the Grand Lodge.

One of the actions taken by Grand Master Cory Adams had been on learning that clandestine representatives of Masonry had planned a trip abroad to attend the Luxemburg Masonic Congress was to head off this contact. He had learned that John G. Jones of Chicago, T. M. Grant of New Orleans, J. C. White of Boston and Johnson L. Burnell of New York, had sailed on October 19th to attend this Congress which was to be held on the 4th of November. He immediately advised the Grand Master of Illinois, George Jeffey and Alexander Morris, Grand Representative of the Grand Lodge of Hamburg, near the Grand East of Ohio. He then sent the following cablegram to the Masonic Congress, Luxemburg, Germany, under date of November 1, 1912. Do not admit John G. Jones, Expelled from Grand Lodge of Illinois; T. M. Grant, New Orleans; J. C. White, Boston; Johnson L. Burnell, New York. Not members of recognized Grand Lodges of Negro Masons U.S.A. Advise of action.''

At the Grand Lodge he announced that lie had not received a reply to his cablegram he also stated that Brother Alexander Morris had been slow in making contact and up to the time of the convention he had received no information concerning the events at the Luxemburg Congress. However, this was another indication of the Grand Master's desire to maintain the highest standards in Masonry through disapproval of spurious Masonry.

The news of the death of Brother William H. Buckner, Grand Secretary, bright a considerable spirit of loss to the Grand Lodge when it was announced. Brother Buckner was born at Natchez, Mississippi December 18, 1844, and his parents came to Cincinnati where he was educated. When twelve years of age he left school and went to steamboating on the Mississippi. During the Civil War he was with the 39th Ohio Regiment and served after the War with the United States Surveying Party in the Indian Territory, as a messenger in the United States Customs House of Cincinnati, as a warehouse clerk and later as a member of the Colored School Board of Cincinnati, Ohio. He was a member of the Board of Trustees of the Orphan Asylum and was later employed at the Ohio State School for the Blind in Columbus, Ohio. His Masonic life began with his initiation in St John's Lodge No. 3 of Cincinnati, Ohio, March 17, 1870 and he was raised in May of that year. He served in different stations in the lodge and was elected Worshipful Master serving for five years and then Secretary of the Lodge in 1892, he was elected as Grand Secretary and continued in this position until his death in 1913.

CHAP'I'ER VII

RAISING HIGHER STANDARDS

It was becoming more evident to the leaders of the Masonic lodges that there was need for the training of officers and Master Masons so that the progress of the Grand Lodge and the lodges would be motivated and increased. Good work was being accomplished in most lodges, as was evident from the records of the past. The lodges had built worthily and well, but there was need for new emphasis and increased motivation. The Masonic work had not only to be standardized, but there had to be greater application to it on the part of all who were in its leadership. This idea was expressed in correspondence and in conversation.

On April 25, 1912, prior to the session of the last Grand Lodge, Brother Gory Adams wrote to Brother C. L. Porter, Grand Lecturer as follows: "I firmly believe that if the Craft in general had a better knowledge of what Freemasonry really is and what it stands for, and what it means to be a Mason, they would come to realize a sense of their condition and wake up to a sense of their opportunities." Later in the same year, Brother Adams wrote that "the sad fact is that the Negro Mason is not bettor informed. I trust that Ohio may put them to thinking along that line." It was his opinion that better Masters were needed and that they should be prepared by the Warden stations. He believed that special study should be given to the Ritual, the lecture should be committee and that there should be a general knowledge of the Code while they were in these stations so that by the time they would be advanced to the Master's chair, they would be equipped, and he believed, that an intelligently conducted lodge would then result.

Brother Gory Adams had consistently believed in this point of view from the time when he joined Masonry at the formation of Lily Lodge No. 61. He had received his education in the public schools of Findlay, Ohio, and had served in the Post Office Department of Findlay as a Postman for more than twenty-five years, subsequently this service was extended to forty-seven years. He continued to be a studies of Masonry, and as a result of this industry he was appointed Grand Lecturer under Grand Master Clemens in 1906, and served until 1911 when he was elected Deputy Grand Master. His elevation to the Office of Most Worshipful Grand Master in 1912 brought to the leadership of Masonry in Ohio a devout Christian anti Mason who held the confidence of the entire Masonic community.

This point of view held by Brother Adams was brought to the attention of the lodges in a circular letter under date of October 14, 1912, in which he advocated "the necessity of establishing Masonic Schools located in convenient centers throughout the Jurisdiction." The belief was expressed by him that the lodges of the nearby communities would cooperate in conducting schools successfully in the several sections. He said that the Grand Lecturer should be present and invitations extended to all lodges within reasonable distances and that another letter would follow extending invitations. This plan would not only increase interest, he said, but would be of intellectual benefit to the lodges. The main purpose of this program was to raise standards in the practice of Masonry so that there would be a closer approach to Masonic ideals through their practice and exemplification.

Grand Master Adams also believed that the intellectual acquirement of Masonry would aid in the continuing recognition of Negro Masonry by white Masons. Shortly after his election as Grand Master he wrote to Brother F. J. Lewis, Grand Junior Warden, September 1, 1912, informing him of the congratulations which he had received from white Masons on his election. Then he added that, "from the number of conversations I have had with them the past few years, it seems that the sentiment is growing stronger each year to withdraw the line that has prevented fraternal recognition between the two bodies. They have given up entirely the question of legal status, their principal worry is the social intercourse that would necessarily be exchanged. While they believe as a whole intellectually, we are not as yet prepared for it. The only legal defense they had for separation has practically been removed, the remaining barrier lays with us to remove. This fact every Master Mason in Ohio should know and we must help them to realize and understand it.''

Following the death of Brother Buckner, Grand Master Adams appointed Brother William F. Clemens of Toledo, Ohio, Past Grand Master, to serve in the office of Grand Secretary. He stated that he knew of no one better qualified and having some knowledge of the office than Brother Clemens, although Brother J. J. Lee had served as Assistant Grand Secretary during the period of Brother Buckner's illness.

A joint fraternal committee representing the Grand Lodge of the Grand United Order of Odd Fellows and the Knights of Pythias together with the representatives of the Grand Lodge met to consider plans whereby the fraternal society may lease, purchase and build suitable property. The Grand Lodge appointed Brother John H. Bowles, of Columbus and Brother V. W. Anderson of Dayton on this committee, with the Grand Master serving as the third member. Grand Master Adams observed in connection with the appointment of this committee that it was difficult to secure the construction of such a building since no lodge room could be dedicated for Masonic purposes and be used jointly by any other society. And then he was interested also in equal representation and equal voice on the Board of Trustees.

He directed attention to an organization, The Committee for the Protection of White Fraternities, which attempted to have a bill passed by Congress to prevent Negro Fraternal Societies from using the mails, since some of these societies used the same title as those used by fraternities for whites. Letters of protest were sent to Congress and it was reported that this action was not passed by Congress.

Serious disasters were occasioned by a flood on March 25 and it was reported that few sections of the state escaped entirely from this disaster to both life and property. A number of lodges reported that they were unable to meet or cope with the situation. The Grand Master then issued an appeal for aid for the flood sufferers and the circular letter was sent to all or the Worshipful Masters, Wardens and members of the subordinate lodges of the Grand Lodge of Ohio, and other states were also included.

It is interesting to deserve that the proceedings of this Sixty-fourth Annual Communication in 1913 published The Original Charter, which was granted to the Grand Lodge of England on petition of Prince Hall, Boston Smith, Thomas Sanderson and other Masons of Boston constituting them into a regular lodge of Free and Accepted Masons on September 29, 1784. This copy was published as a part of the report of the Committee on Foreign Correspondence. There was also included the names and addresses of officers of the several Grand Lodges in the states.

On November 18, 1913, the first of the so-called Masonic Schools was inaugurated by St. Marks Lodge No. 7, Columbus, Ohio. Invitations had been sent to seven Grand Officers and representatives from five lodges located in surrounding cities. The Hall of St. Marks Lodge was filled to capacity as a team of 17 trained Masons of this lodge undertook the work. It was very impressive. There was reverence for the service and praise for the participants. It was this type of activity which had caused Grand Master Adams to suggest that various cities located in different centers of the state could carry on a remarkable work of Masonic education. This caused him to believe that "the intellectual progress and numerical increase would be the greatest in our history."

A new lodge was instituted through a dispensation granted on March 18, 1914, for Marietta, Ohio. This lodge was inducted with the cooperation of representatives from St. Marks Lodge of Columbus with 30 members as representatives. This event was regarded as one of the great events in the history of the Grand Lodge when 50 Master Masons assembled n Marietta to establish Menelek Lodge in that city. The Grand Master stated, ''never have I witnessed, in my experience, a more complete success than this event and no body of men could add greater dignity to a similar occasion and the fraternal love that was in evidence at all times, made it an occasion that will be sweet in our memories for all time to come.'' This action was approved by the Grand Lodge which assembled in August, 1914. Menelek Lodge was named for King Menelek I of Ethiopia, one of the great African Kings whom history had recorded as being a great leader of his people.

The Sixty-fifth Annual Communication of the Grand Lodge assembled in the Knights of Pythias Hall, Xenia, Ohio, August 18-19, 1914. After devotional services and the appointing of standing committees the lodge was opened in due form with 49 lodges represented, 19 Grand Officers, 47 Past Grand Officers and Past Masters and 51 Worshipful Master's, Wardens and Proxies present. The total official members present were 166. The Grand Master's Address described the passing of Past Grand Master Jere A. Brown who for some years prior had been ill, having served the Grand Lodge as Grand Master but ''for some reason best known to him" had "passed away without again renewing the bonds of love that for many year's was the inspiration of his valuable service.'' Nevertheless, the Grand Master praised him for the excellent service which he had rendered to the Grand Lodge which had contributed "to its present standing and efficiency'' and notable reference was made to his scholarly service as Historian.

Official visits to lodges were noted together with the new Menelek Lodge. This lodge as described by him was that no other lodge could have "received the degrees as did this lodge, in all its completeness, with equal solemnity arid dramatic expression." The Grand Master presented the plan to provide a Masonic Home and called attention to the resolution which was adopted to set aside one fourth of the annual per capita, which was increased to $1.00, to establish a fund for this purpose. He stated that the last returns would show a membership of about eighteen hundred and that if there could be an increase of two hundred a year, it would require at least 10 years to purchase a farm of forty acres. He said that he did not believe that the time had yet come that a Masonic Home would be required and the membership would be sufficiently strong to support it It was added by the Grand Master that, "in my judgment I believe that your time and effort would be more profitably spent toward the building of a Masonic Temple. This Jurisdiction needs, in the very worst way, some permanent place for the keeping of the property and records of the Grand Lodge and the establishment of a library that at any time important references were needed, they could be found at the proper place in charge of a competent custodian." In this connection he referred to the library of Brother William Boyd which they should be making every effort to take care of in accordance with his request. He again made reference to the need for a Revised Ritual and stated that it was time "that the Negro Mason was using a Ritual of proper and legal authority." A Revised Code was also needed he said, since there were errors and omissions.

The only unpleasant feature of consequence which developed since the last session was said to be the failure to publish the annual proceedings at the appointed time. Correspondence with Brother William E. Clemens who was appointed Grand Secretary was read leading to the fact that he finally stated under date of August 14, 1914, that he would be unable to attend the Grand Lodge. After endeavoring to secure action from Brother Clemens on July 21, 1914, charges were preferred against him by the Grand Master acting for the Grand Lodge. It was alleged that he had violated the law and had been insubordinate to the Grand Lodge and the Grand Master, and it was the opinion that he should be deprived of all the rights and privileges of Freemasonry until he had made amends to the satisfaction of the Grand Lodge of Ohio for the inconvenience, embarrassment and expense made necessary by the willful violation of the Masonic Code. The Committee on Grand Master's Report regretted the action taken by the Grand Master but they heartily approved the action and referred the charges to the Committee on Grievances. This committee recommended that the Grand Lodge comply with the request made by the Grand Master as set forth in the charges against Brother Clemens.

The facts concerning the desire of Tuscan Lodge in Kentucky to withdraw from the Jurisdiction of the Grand Lodge of the State of Ohio and to 8ffiliate itself with the Grand Lodge of the State of Kentucky were again reviewed by the Grand Master by the detailing of correspondence with Grand Master S. M. Munday of the Grand Lodge of the State of Kentucky. Grand Master Adams denied that Ohio had been discourteous to Kentucky by maintaining two lodges in her Jurisdiction. Reference was made by him again to the resolution of May 22 and 23, 1880 that the Grand Lodge of Ohio agreed "not to establish any more lodges within the State of Kentucky, while such fraternal relations exist, provided, that the Grand Lodge for Kentucky concedes that the Grand Lodge for Ohio violated no Masonic right in the organization of lodges in Kentucky." Grand Master Adams added that no effort bad been made since the adoption of this resolution by joint committees of both lodges to encourage or establish any additional lodges in Kentucky.

It was reported that the Worshipful Master's Jewel, the Masonic paraphernalia and monies of Tuscan Lodge were seized in defiance to the Grand Master and the Jurisdiction of Ohio. The point of view of Grand Master Adams was, "in new of the past and mutual agreements pertaining to the lodges of her obedience and residing within the Jurisdiction of Kentucky, Ohio could mean no discourtesy. She does not envy nor have the least desire to further encroach upon her territory." He added that "so long as these lodges ding to Ohio, she cannot abandon them nor would she drive them away, but should they wish to relinquish their allegiance to Ohio for that of Kentucky and would seek our counsel, we would immediately and in all sincerity advise them to do so and aid in whatever steps that would be required to accomplish their desire." The Grand Lodge approved the action of Grand Master Adams. Another incident was the controversy with the Prince Hall Grand Lodge of Massachusetts due to the fact that the Grand Representative of the Grand Lodge of Ohio, near the Grand East of Massachusetts, William L. Reed haul been expelled from Prince Hall Grand Lodge. When an appeal arrived from Brother William H. Reed against this action the facts had to be secured. The Grand Master stated that this investigation should be continued until all the facts had become known.

The Committee on Grand Master's Report commended the position taken by Grand Master Adams relative to the relations with Kentucky and Massachusetts. The Massachusetts matter was referred to the Grand Master for adjudication. In the Kentucky relationship, a resolution was adopted urging the Grand Lodge to take the step of either appointing a committee or of adopting a directive action "to relinquish our holdings in Kentucky without any retraction of our former standing and declarations of rights and jurisdiction of a Grand jurisdiction."

The same question was presented to the Committee on Jurisprudence by another resolution stating Ohio's "withdrawal of its active jurisdiction within the geographical limits of Kentucky would reestablish peace, promote harmony and the restoration of the fraternal relation that should exist amicably between the Grand Lodge for the State of Kentucky and this Grand Lodge." In order to accomplish this purpose, the charters of Rubicon Lodge No. 27 of Warsaw, Kentucky, and Tuscan Lodge No. 58 of Louisville, Kentucky were recommended to be revoked in sixty days. The committee on jurisprudence usually referred this resolution to the Grand Lodge without recommendation.

Additional emphasis was placed by Grand Master Adams upon temperance as one of the cardinal virtues and he urged action against any of the members who were engaged in traffic in intoxicating liquors. He also wanted action to be taken against those who own or conduct places of gambling and urged that the standards of the life of Masonry should be held high by the membership. Consideration should be given, he said, to the building of a Masonic Temple but he recommended that the resolution to establish a Masonic Home be repealed. The Committee on jurisprudence recommend that the appointment of a committee on the Grand Lodge Temple be approved and that the city of Columbus was the best location because of its central situation within the state. This report was adopted.

In concluding his report Grand Master Adams said, ''You are on the road to progress. The growth throughout the jurisdiction is remarkable, in some instances phenomenal and is due to the fact that by your zealous and efficient energy, you are realizing more fully the beauty of Masonry; therefore, your pride is uncrossed, your interest removed. You are guarding with zealous care our sacred portals against the flu worthy and appreciating more sincerely our love for one another. You are making the fraternity an institution to be desired, and the result is a rapid and substantial growth."

The same note of standards was sounded by the Deputy Grand Master in the address, Brother J. Foster Lewis. The Fraternity, its aims and purposes, its duties and teachings were described by him. The Grand Lecturer, Charles L. Porter told of the visits to the lodges and the good condition in which he found the vast majority of them. The Masonic schools were regarded by him as "the most important step taken by the Grand Lodge." This was the first time, he added, that this plan had been taken up in a whole hearted manner. The Ideal Masonic Mutual Benefit Association was found in good condition and it was recommended that it continue to be conducted as a "strictly business proposition." The total receipts had been $1218.00 and the total claims paid haul equaled the Mime amount.

The Committee on Jurisprudence approved the appointment of a Grand Lodge Temple Building Committee. Brother John H. Bowles, Grand Historian, submitted a report describing historic events which had taken place since the last annual Communication and noted in particular the establishment of Menelek Lodge No. 74 in the city of Marietta, Ohio. The statement was again made that the lodge was named after King Menelek, one of the first African Kings of Ethiopia. He stated that it was in Marietta that the first white lodge was instituted west of the Alleghenies and that his hope was that the lodge would be a great power for the uplift of the race.

A lodge of Past Masters was instituted and the Past Master's Degree was conferred. It was unanimously decided that the Past Master's Lodge should be a permanent organization and the following were elected as officers for the ensuing year:

Charles A. Former, Worshipful Master; David Galloway, Senior Warden; L. Howard Jones, Junior Warden; B. M. Fox, Secretary; H. B. Howard, Master of Ceremonies; Albert Alford, Senior Deacon; Paul Cumberland, Junior Deacon; Archie Holloway, Senior Steward; Joseph Green, Junior Steward; O. L Hicks, Chaplain.

The elected Grand Lodge officers were as follows: Cory Adams, Findlay, Grand Master; J. Foster Lewis, Columbus, Deputy Grand Master; J. H. Davis, Cleveland, Senior Grand Warden; Charles L. Porter, Dayton, Junior Grand Warden; Otis G. Fields, Toledo, Grand Treasurer and Joseph J. Lee, Columbus, Grand Secretary.

The emphasis upon standards was continued by the Grand Master throughout the next year. Circular letters emphasized this desire. In one letter he wrote, ''Ohio is struggling for purer and higher standards, a more perfect conception of the principles of Masonry and to demonstrate our sincerity by their practical and efficient application." The result of this emphasis was clearly noted in the issuance of the Official Ritual of the Grand Lodge of Ohio. This meant that there would be uniformity of work not only in Ohio but also throughout the Jurisdiction of the United States and Canada because the Ritual had been approved unanimously by the Grand Masters at the International Conference in Chicago. In presenting it to the Grand Lodge Membership, Grand Master Adams said that he was presenting it "to make it possible for Brethren of our nationality to accomplish an achievement that those of other nationalities have strived for and failed, that is, to adopt a work that all Jurisdictions of recognized regularity be governed by the same Esoteric Work."

Two of the important events of 1915 were the Semi-Centennial of the Grand Lodge of Michigan and the International Conference of Grand Masters, Past Grand Masters and Grand Secretaries representing the United States and Canada in the city of Detroit, Michigan, July 21-22, 1915. One of the purposes of the second meeting was the studying of problems of interest to all and the development of findings which would be of value to the respective Jurisdiction. Representatives of Grand Lodges were present and the following were on program: Brothers Cory Adams, Grand Master, Ohio; A. A. Martin, Grand Master, Illinois; J. M. Munday, Grand Master, Ky.; W. H. Mayo, Grand Secretary, Ky.; E. J. Hawkins, Grand Master, Kansas; J. H. Dickerson, Grand Master, Florida; R. B. McCrary, Grand Master, North Carolina; E. B. Burroughs, Past Grand Master, South Carolina; C. C. Johnson, Grand Master, S. C.; J. W. Nichols, Past Grand Master, Pennsylvania; E. R. Spaulding, Past Grand Master, New York; J. S Hicks Past Grand Master, Pennsylvania; J. L. Thompson, Grand Master, Towa; and W. A. J. Morgan, Grand Master, Mississippi; S. M. Strayhorne, Grand Master, Tennessee; T. A. Harris, California; W. M. Grimshaw, Past Grand Master, District of Columbia ; D. W. Caine, Grand Master, Indiana and F. F. Bailey, Grand Secretary, Oklahoma; C. S. Brown, Grand Secretary, North Carolina. The meeting was called to order by Grand Master Cory Adams of Ohio.

After lengthy discussions it was decided that the next meeting of the committee would convene in Chicago and full consideration would he given to the plan for a new Ritual. Grand Master Adams had led in the discussion of the subject, "Is Uniform Work A Possibility." The result of the report was that a committee was formed with Brother Adams as Chairman entitled, Committee on Uniform Work. This committee was authorized to use its best endeavors to secure a copy of the adopted standard Ritual of every Jurisdiction in the United States for comparison, review and ultimate selection and preparation of a Ritual to be submitted at the next Conference in 1916. It was observed that many jurisdictions had never standardized their work and that their Lodges were using various open exposures and cipher keys which resulted in confusion and corruption of the work. Said Brother Adams, ''the time is now, that all that is clandestine, all that is superfluous and impractical in Masonic ceremony should be eliminated. Masonry must progress with the age, not by innovation but by perfection. Prince Hall Masons must advance with the Jurisdictions of other nationalities whose numbers, wealth, and intellectual advantages have made in strong and in this one particular, more perfect and complete." He added that the Grand Lodge of Ohio at its Communication had authorized a compiling and publication of an Official Ritual. This was the work of a committee of competent Ritualists and this committee had compared their Ritual with other Rituals and had developed a good one. This event was another indication of the leadership of Grand Master Adams in the development of higher standards for Masonry.

The Kentucky relationship continued to remain the same in 1915. Grand Master Adams met Grand Master Munday of Kentucky at the Detroit meeting and impressed him with the fact that the Grand Lodge of Ohio had no desire to maintain the lodges in its jurisdiction. However, he added that "Ohio demands that so long as she has jurisdiction, her subordinates must obey her laws, and that Kentucky cannot ignore this authority without a gross breach of fraternal courtesy.''

The Sixty-sixth Annual Communication of the Most Worshipful Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons for the State of Ohio and its Jurisdiction was held in Lorain, Ohio, August 17-18, 1915. The Grand Lodge was opened in due form, committees were appointed and Grand Master Adams delivered his address. So far as the Ritual was concerned he reported that the manuscript had been completed and the linotype galley sheets were in the hands of the Ritual Committee for proof reading. The revision of the Code had proceeded and another year would lead also to its completion. The situation between Ohio and Kentucky in reference to Tuscan Lodge remained unsettled. The Grand Master said that Ohio was demanding that Obedience would be had to her laws and that no objection was being made to lodges in Kentucky going with the Kentucky Grand Lodge but that there were legal ways that the procedure should be followed and with this understanding, he expressed the belief that the matter would be adjusted speedily.
Menelek Lodge had been instituted, the Grand Master reported, in March, 1914, that it did not receive its Charter until November. On January 3, 1915, Grand Master Adams proceeded to the city and with others assisting constituted the lodge. As reported the officers were: A. C. Alford, Worshipful Master; Mert Mason, Senior Warden; G. T. Muncie, Junior Warden; J. W. Robinson, Treasurer; A. A. Curtis, Secretary; E. E. Davis, Senior Deacon; F. P. Alford, Junior Deacon; J. L. Burke, Senior Steward; A. H. Curtis, Junior Steward; R L. Patterson Tyler. D. K. Bruce Lodge in Athens, Ohio was instituted on January 30, 1915. Titivations were extended to surrounding lodges and the men were initiated, passed and raised.

Two lodges, Valley Lodge No. 55, Rendville, Ohio and Carbon Lodge No. 62 were reported to have suffered as a result of the closing of the mines over a period of one year and four months. Unemployment had taken its toll in lodge and family life and taxes could not be elected.

A Committee was recommended to make arrangements to celebrate the Bi-Centennial Anniversary of the Grand Lodge of England, either in connection with other Jurisdictions or by Ohio. This action was caused by a letter from Brother N. F. Rowells, Grand Secretary of the Grand Lodge of New Jersey, reporting that his Grand Lodge had authorized correspondence with other jurisdictions to request what action was best to be taken by the Grand Lodges in commemoration of this important event in Masonic history. Since it was from the Grand Lodge of England that Prince Hall Masonry had its origin, it was proposed that recognition be taken of
this event.

Another Grand Lodge, Pennsylvania, announced that it would celebrate its one hundredth anniversary in September, 1915, and the Ohio Grand Lodge was invited to participate in these deliberations on this occasion. Grand Master Adams wrote in reply, "Ohio extends to her Mother Grand Lodge, her heartiest congratulations and will be glad to render any service that will make this event one long to be remembered."

One lodge, the B. K. Bruce Lodge, Athens, Ohio, had its organization in 1914-1915. Its organization was from a club of twenty-eight men of Athens, Ohio. They presented a petition to Carbon Lodge, No. 62 for release of jurisdiction. This petition was granted and an invitation was presented to St. Mark's Lodge No. 7 of Columbus, Ohio to confer the degrees and on January 30, 1915, this event took place.

An unusual aspect of this occasion was the presence of a brother from Europe who had come to witness the ceremonies. This brother was George Peter Flemings of Dublin Ireland. Grand Master Adams reported that he was "a gentleman of the highest type, a Scotchman by birth, but at the present time residing in the city of Dublin where he was the manager and director of a large linen paper mill and the proprietor of at course paper mill." His credentials were examined and found to be complete ill the branches of Masonry. After his visit, he said that he had witnessed work "of the highest standard and equal to any that he had witnessed by the Irish Brethren at home."

The twenty-eight men were initiated, passed, and raised with the leadership and cooperation of St. Mark's Lodge and instituted as the B. K. Bruce Lodge. It was reported by Grand Master Adams that this was ''a very auspicious beginning;'' and that a charter was recommended to be approved by the Grand Lodge.

The reinstatement of Past Grand Master William E. Clemens was introduced by Grand Master Adams and a letter was read from him expressing regret for his for his actions and negligence. This was referred to the Committee on Appeals, who reported that he should be restored to membership where he repaid the expenses occasioned by his insubordination.

Emphasis was placed by Grand Master Adams upon the conduct of the Grand Lodge's finance affairs through the use of modern business methods. He recommended that a committee revise the books, audit the same and report a form of credential and voucher system for the Grand Lodge. This was the beginning of a plait to stabilize the finances and led to the accumulation of funds for the later purchase of government bonds and Grand Lodge property.

Action upon the proposal for the Masonic Temple was made through the report of the Committee on the Masonic Temple Building. This committee reported that the Grand Lodge should take some action looking toward the purchase of a suitable piece of property which could be used as a State Masonic Temple and Library. This property was to be centrally located so that the lower floor could be rented by the hall used for Masonic purposes. A Masonic Stock company for the creation and accumulation of funds was provided, so that the Grand Lodge could purchase sixty per cent of the stock and the remaining forty per cent could be purchased by the subordinate Masonic bodies and members of the fraternity. There were forty lodges represented at this Grand Lodge session of fifty lodges enrolled. There were eighteen Grand Officers present, twenty-eight permanent members and forty- seven Masters, Wardens and Proxies, making. a total attendance of ninety-three.

The election of Grand Officers resulted in the following: Cory Adams, Findlay, Grand Master; J. Foster Lewis, Columbus, Deputy Grand Master; J H. Davis, Cleveland, Senior Grand Warden; Robert J. Evans, Cincinnati, Junior Grand Warden; Otis G. Fields, Toledo Grand Treasurer; Joseph J. Lee, Columbus, Grand Secretary.

The Ritual Committee of which Brother Charles Porter was chairman reported that with the assistance of Brothers Ray E. Hughes and Robert Stevens, Jr., the committee had expected to report the completed ritual but that the next report would include cost of printing and binding of the copy. The Committee on Appeals and Grievances recommended that Past Grand Master William E. Clemens be restored to full membership in the Grand Body upon the payment of the expense the Grand Lodge had experienced by reason of his action of insubordination in connection with the work of the Grand Secretary which he should have undertaking for which he was suspended.

The establishment of a Sinking Fund of $1,500 was reported with interest of 3% amounting to $37.87. While Grand Master Adams wanted to secure a larger investment, he said that "we would decry an investment that did not bear in every particular proof positive of 'safety First.'" The report of Grand Treasurer, Otis G. Fields, showed receipts of $2,782.11, disbursements of $1,171.60 and a balance of $1,610.51.

The Grand Historiographer, Brother John H. Bowles, reported that since the published history of 1906, the following lodges were organized St. Peter Lodge, No. 25, changed to Morning Star, No. 70 at Cambridge, Ohio; Samuel Lodge, No. 68, Lorain, Ohio; Doris Lodge, No. 69, Massillon, Ohio; Fidelity Lodge, No. 71, Madisonville, Ohio; Hiram Abiff Lodge, No. 72, Canton, Ohio; Central Star Lodge, No. 73, Oberlin, Ohio; Menelek Lodge, No. 74, Marietta, Ohio, and B. K. Bruce Lodge, No. 75, Athens, Ohio. Brother Bowles concluded the report with "there is a great deal of work to be done to bring up all the intervening history of our Grand Lodge to date, as our other historians have failed to do anything along that line." A resolution was adopted to offer the history, known as Volume I for sale at the reduced price of fifty cents. An announcement of this fact was carried in the Proceedings for 1915, stating that the Grand Secretary had been authorized to dispose or the copies of the ''Official History'' at fifty cents a copy which was one-half of the original price.

In November, 1915, Grand Master Adams was advised by members of St. Marks Lodge, Columbus, that the National Compact Masons known as the Most Worshipful National Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Ancient York Masons of the United States of America, Colored, was planning to bring suit for an injunction against the Most Worshipful Grand Lodge of the State of Ohio and its Jurisdiction, Free and Accepted Masons. The Grand Master determined to investigate this matter and conferred with Attorney L. Howard Jones, Findlay, Ohio, and Wilbur F. King, Attorney, Columbus, Ohio. After a meeting with the Trustee Board of the Grand Lodge it was agreed to ad Attorneys Harry E. Davis and Alexander Martin of Cleveland as co-attorneys. The latter was accepted through the action of Excelsior Lodge of Cleveland. At a later period Brothers Davis and Martin withdrew from legal participation.

Notice of the petition was served on February 1, 1916, and was filed in Franklin County Court, Columbus, Ohio, by the National Compact Masons who brought suit to deny the Grand Lodge of Ohio the right to use the name "Masons," the signs, emblems, ceremonies, and insignia of the Order. The petition in substance stated that The National Grand Lodge was "the only true, legal, authoritative Masonic body concerned in the controversy," and that "the privileges, and prerogatives of Masonry" were in question.

The court sustained the demurrer of the Grand Lodge of Ohio because the petition was "insufficient in substance" and held that the plaintiff was "a clandestine organization" but gave leave for an amended petition by them. This amended petition alleged that they had legal warrant for their existence from the warrant of the Grand Lodge of England to Prince Hall in 1784. The Ohio Grand Lodge attorney challenged them to show this legal descent from their warrant. Another amended petition stated that they did not contend that their authority was derived from a warrant from Free and Accepted Masons. On April 29, 1916, a hearing was held but a decision was not rendered for several months after this date.

Grand Master Adams sent letters to the Grand Masters of Sister Jurisdictions, including copies of the petition against the Grand Lodge of Ohio and its answer and cross-petitions. This letter declared, ''that we win in Ohio is of importance to every other jurisdiction in view of the fact that nearly all south and west of this state are directly or indirectly the offspring of this Grand Lodge."

A similar suit had been filed in Indiana in 1912. The Superior Court in Marion County, Indiana, had ruled in favor of the Grand Lodge of Indiana. Since this suit in Ohio also struck at the very existence of the Order, the attorneys of the Grand Lodge were determined to develop an adequate defense against this attack. As the Grand Master said, "Ohio has been complimented the country over for the able reply that our attorneys have filed and the noble fight she is making for the protection of the fraternity's name, and the Masonic life, not only focuses on those that are in Ohio, but the thousands who are the direct descendants of Ohio in the jurisdictions west and south.'' The appeal made by Grand Master Adams was answered by most of the lodges. Cincinnati alone contributed more than two hundred dollars and other lodges large and small contributed according to their ability.

It was in the midst of this fight that the Grand Lodge representatives met in Dayton, Ohio, August 15-16, 1916, to hold the Sixty-seventh Annual Communication. After the opening in due form the Address of the Grand Master outlined at length the suit filed against the Grand Lodge by the National Grand Lodge known as the National Compact Body. He also stated that evidence was on hand from most lodges that "Ohio is having her awakening and rapidly replacing the darkened places with the light of knowledge and understanding. Lodges are being better housed, better equipped, more proficient in the work and better governed." Tribute was paid to Past Grand Master William T. Boyd who for sixty years had contributed to the honor of the Grand Lodge and as the Grand Master said, he stood ''next to the honored Prince Hall as a Venerable Brother and Most Worshipful Master Grand Master and Prince of the Roundtable."

Every phase of the work was touched by the Grand Master in his annual address. The proceedings state that "the Grand Master finished his address amid the plaudits of his auditors.''

The Committee on Grand Master's Address commended him for the prompt action taken in connection with the compact suit. Brother John C. Logan, Grand Lecturer submitted a report describing numerous visits to lodges and the progress that was being made throughout the Jurisdiction was reported by him. The report of the Committee on Credentials showed that there were forty-five of fifty-one lodges represented. Sixteen Grand Officers, forty-eight permanent members, thirty-five representatives making a total number of Grand Lodge members in attendance of ninety-nine. The Grand Treasurer Otis G. Fields' report showed a balance or $1,714.07.

The Grand Historiographer, Brother John H. Bowles, reported that he was compiling the next section of the history but that he was having difficulty in locating materials including the Grand Lodge Proceedings. In this connection, the Masonic Library of Brother William T. Boyd was brought up for consideration and the securing of a permanent location for it. The ideal Masonic Mutual Benefit Association made a report stating that since its organization in 1906, there had been enrolled 656 with a loss by death of forty-eight, a delinquency loss of 208 and a financial membership of 400. Their first death claim was $39.68 and the current claim was $200.00.

A report was made by the attorneys for the Ohio Grand Lodge in the case of the National Grand Lodge against the Ohio Grand Lodge through which it was sought to oust the Ohio Grand Lodge from its Jurisdiction and to have its property decreed to the National Grand Lodge. The report was made to the Grand Lodge by Attorneys L. Howard Jones and Wilbur E. King that the court sustained a Demurrer to the original Petition because it was insufficient in substance, that the attorneys again demurred challenging the National Grand Lodge to show its legal descent from that warrant. Finally the National Grand Lodge stated that it does not contend that its authority was derived from the warrant of 1784. In concluding their report the attorneys said "these two antagonistic bodies can no longer travel in the same orb. The Free and Accepted Masons cannot become a creature of a clandestine organization, nor surrender its true legal Masonic existence."
Finally the Court of Common Pleas of Franklin County issued its decision in this case. This decision again indicated that the National Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Ancient York Masons had not shown that it was a descendant under the warrant to Prince Hall. The Court said, ''This petition alleges that it has a warrant from London England, issued to Prince Hall. But the name of plaintiff is 'The Most Worshipful National Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Ancient York Masons of the United States of America, Colored'." The warrant was not from such a society for this constituted them into a regular lodge of Free and Accepted Masons under the title and denomination of the African Lodge.

It was claimed in argument that Ancient York Masons were a different Lodge from Free and Accepted Masons. The warrant pled by the petition did not support their claim. The court found "a material difference'' between Free and Accepted Ancient York Masons and Free and Accepted Masons, and that the warrant pleaded authorized only the latter to be organized for it was "a warrant of the humble petition of Prince Hall, Boston Smith, Thomas Sanderson, and others in Boston, New England in North America, constituting them into a regular lodge of Free and Accepted Masons not Free and Accepted York Masons."

The court also said that the petition from the National Grand Lodge failed "to show by proper allegation of ultimate operative facts ally proper title and lineage from the parent English organization connecting it with the warrant set forth and pleaded in the petition." In the light of this decision it can be seen why Attorney Wilbur F. King wrote under date of June 24, 1916, to the Grand Master, "I am sending you a copy of the court's decision. It is sweeping. Our position has been vindicated all the way through; it is a personal victory for you also. Now let's hurry up oil the evidence The last sentence showed that Prince Hall Masonry was faced with the challenge of proving that it was a legitimate lodge of Free and Accepted Masons, that its standards would have to be raised above those of clandestine groups and it was evident that Prince Hall Masons would pledge themselves to this Great Cause.

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