When the seventeen-foot bronze statue of George Washington was unveiled in the Monument in Alexandria on February 22, 1950, Grand Master William R. Pringle, of Windermere Lodge No. 627, was there. He witnessed Brother and President Harry S Truman perform the ceremony.
The statue was a gift of the Order of DeMolay.

The Grand Master also attended the meetings of The Masonic Service Association. During the Annual Communication held on October 20, 1950, he spoke highly of the Association, what it had done, and what it was doing. He urged the Grand Lodge to join the 33 Grand Lodges
belonging to it and "share in the great good that this organization can do."

The Special Committee appointed to study the question of joining the MSA made a report even more glowing than the Grand Master's. It strongly recommended the Grand Lodge of Ohio join. The delegates concurred.

Grand Master Pringle enjoyed a 4 a. m. visitation to Marion Lodge No. 70. After the initiation of a candidate, a breakfast of ham and eggs was served. A memorial service followed, then the Marion High School band led the group to the tomb of Warren G. Harding. The Worshipful Master of the guest Lodge, Warren G. Harding No. 39 of the District of Columbia, laid a wreath on Harding's grave.

A devastating flood struck the Province of Manitoba, Canada, in June. Through the MSA, the Grand Master sent a check for $2,500 from his Emergency Fund for the relief of the citizens there. A short time later, a flash flood engulfed Roseville, Ohio. Two checks for $1,800 and $1,500 were sent to two District Deputy Grand Master with instructions to use the funds as needed.

During the Annual Communication, Past Grand Master Elmer R. Am was presented with South Carolina's Albert Pike Medal. A recommendation was made "that this Grand Lodge employ an artist to make a marble burst of our distinguished Past Grand Master, who has probably contributed more than any other in terms of service to the (George Washington Masonic National) Memorial, and place it where it may be viewed by all who visit the Memorial as long as it stands." This was "duly seconded and heartily adopted by the Grand Lodge."

The Grand Lodge followed the suggestion of the Grand Master and adopted the following: "Any Mason who is a member of, or holds allegiance to, or espouses the cause of a Communist or other organizations advocating the over throw of the Government of the United States by force or other illegal means, shall upon Masonic trial and conviction thereof, be expelled.

"Such membership allegiance, or espousal shall be a disqualification for initiation in or affiliation with a Lodge of Master Masons." This declaration is still in effect.

The Grand Lodge adopted a resolution calling for the sum of $2.00 for each candidate initiated and $2.50 for each member in good standing be paid to the Grand Lodge each year. Thirty cents of the $2.50 would be retained by the Grand Lodge, the balance going to the Masonic Home.

The Committee on History reported it had found a man who would prepare a digest of the Proceedings of the Grand Lodge for the past 38 years. The digest was never made. It couldn't be determined the best method to follow, so none was. An example of what transpired is found in
the report of the Committee on History in 1951:

The new volumes will be arranged by chapters dealing with subjects so that all of the material about a given subject will be found in a given chapter. The arrangement of the first three volumes was by Grand Lodge Communications, which made it necessary to practically read the entire volume or else laboriously wade through an index to discover what had occurred in Grand Lodge in regard to any particular subject. The Committee feels that the new arrangement will make the history more readable and useful.

The previous volumes took about two or three years for the Committee which preceded us to compile. At this stage of our work, it is impossible to state how long it will take to finish our task. A conservative estimate of time required would be two or three years, bearing in mind that your Committee can only give a part of its report to this work.

The reports continued in the same vein for a number of years, then ceased altogether.

Many Ohio Masons were once again fighting in a war. This time it was in a little country called "Korea." It would be three years before an "armistice" would be signed and the Ohioans return home.

Grand Master James J. Harbage, of Eastgate Lodge No. 603, was disturbed, and on March 13, 1951, he sent a letter to each of the Lodges stating why:

It has been called to my attention that there is a growing practice of telling suggestive and off-color ‘Stories' during Lodge meetings. This is to be deplored and must not be condoned.

Masonry teaches us many things, and among them are our duty to our God, our Church, and our respect for the wishes of our fellow men.

While it is true that we are not a religious institution, yet we are closely allied to the Church. The Great Light that is always displayed upon our altars os our law. Without it we would not exist. It is our way of life. Let us ever remember its teachings and above all let us lead an exemplary life that we may always be in inspiration to our Brothers.

Will you aid and assist me in stamping out this practice?

On August 20, he sent another letter to the Lodges:

My attention has been called on numerous occasions of late to a chain letter addressed to Masons that is being read and, in some instances, complied with.

Being a party to a chain letter is a violation of the United States Postal Laws and Regulations, and also of the Code of the Grand Lodge.

Whenever a copy is received by a member of our Lodge, he is required to destroy it at once without complying therewith.

Our Lodges are directed to take disciplinary action against any known resident Mason of Ohio whose name appears on one such letter.

Please see that this communication is read to the Lodge, and a copy carried in the Lodge bulletin should one be issued.

Within his Address to the Grand Lodge on October 17, 1951, Grand Master Harbage said: "In 1953, the State of Ohio will celebrate the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of its admittance as the seventeenth State to the United States of America. Believing that Freemasonry played an
important part both preceding and following the historic event, I appointed a Committee to prepare such material that would not only be interesting to our members, but also to the citizenry at large."

The Grand Master said he had made 182 visitations during the year. These were "made possible by using all methods of transportation - rail, air, motoring, bus, street car, and even by horse and buggy." He had also visited the Grand Lodges of Tennessee, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Canada in Ontario, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, and West Virginia. He was particularly happy to have attended the Father and Son Banquet of Morning Dawn Lodge No. 7 at Gallpolis.

"I do wish to express my deep appreciation,' said Grand Master Harbage, "for the marvelous job that was done by the former Superintendent of the Home, Burleigh E. Cartmell. For more than eleven years, he gave his time and substance to the management of our Home. Our best wishes and sincere thanks go to him as he resumes his residence in Delaware, Ohio.

"To his successor, Robert Burn, we pledge our cooperation and substance as he assumes his new position as superintendent of our Home."

He also congratulated the Recodification Committee, noting: "Obsolete sections and notes attached thereto have been eliminated as far as possible. Legal phraseology, which could only be understood by a few people, was once thought necessary to pinpoint the law. As far as possible, this phraseology has been eliminated without sacrifice of precision or clarity. . . .

"It is my firm belief that this new Code is needed at once. A poorly indexed and inadequately classified Code can and has wasted a lot of time, which could ill be spared by busy people. The Code is our law, and when its compliance is demanded, and rightfully so, it is our duty to make its language as understandable as it is humanly possible to do."

He stopped his Address to ask for unanimous consent to consider the revised Code. He received it. A copy of the Constitution, "as variously amended, be now submitted to the Lodges for approval or rejection." The Chairman of the Recodification Committee was called upon. He re
the work of the Committee. Then he "stated that he was ready to take up the revised By-laws and Code section by section and conclude action on each individually, if the Brethren so decided, even though considerable time would be required. A motion was then made and seconded that the revised Code be adopted in its entirety. The motion was enthusiastically carried."

The revised Code was revised. An amendment was adopted requiring a sum of $20 in addition to the regular Lodge fee be paid. Ten dollars of this was to go to the Endowment Fund of the Ohio Masonic Home; $10 was to be held in a "Special Fee Fund" to be used exclusively for the Home. On the following day, a motion was made to reconsider the action. It was again approved.

The Special Committee appointed to have a bust made of Past Grand Master Arn reported Brother Bryant Baker of New York City was making it out of Italian marble. It was expected to be completed and in the Memorial by December.

The new Superintendent of the Ohio Masonic Home, Robert A. Burri, said he had been handed a slip of paper found in one of the children's rooms. A young girl had written: "We thank thee, Lord, for this wonderful Home, for the fine friends, who made it possible for us to be here, for the joys we share each day, for a future without fear, we thank thee, Lord."

The Proceedings carried five pages of the names of Ohio Masons serving in the Armed Forces. Two more pages were added in 1952.

Grand Master William M. Judd, of Yeatman Lodge No. 162, had the honor of unveiling the bust of Dr. Elmer R. Am, Past Grand Master of Masons in Ohio and late President of the George Washington Masonic national Memorial Association, on February 22, 1952. He said this would serve as a remembrance of his many contributions as President from February 1938, to his deal on December 24, 1951.

In his Address during the Annual Communication held on October 17, 1952, Grand Master Judd said he was pleased with the continuing gain in membership. It was noted that every Grand Lodge in the country had been blessed with a net gain. But he reminded the delegates:

While it is very gratifying to note the wonderful growth in our Order and the material prosperity which it enjoys, we should bear in mind the true strength of our Fraternity is not in numbers but rather the quality of our membership and deeds accomplished. Unless the community in which we live is better for the truths we teach, unless there is a greater purity and a high sense of honor in those with whom we come in contact, we have failed in our mission. Our success does not so much depend upon the numbers we initiate as upon weather we have done those things and instill those principles that will make for better members of the community in which they live.

The Grand Master noted the Grand Secretary"s office had been located in the City of Cincinnati for 100 years. During this period three men had served as Grand Secretary: John D. Caldwell from 1852 to 1887, 37 years; J. H. Bromwell from 1888 to 1923, 35 years; and Harry S. Johnson from 1924 to date, 28 years. He was concerned about what would happen to the records if something happened to Johnson. And he added:

I believe that it would be wise for the Grand Lodge to consider the advisability of establishing a permanent home for these valuable records and an office for the Grand Secretary, thereby requiring the newly elected Grand Secretary to adjust his personal life to location of the Grand Secretary's office rather than have this Grand Lodge adjust the office to the location of the Grand Secretary. Your Grand Master has made considerable study of this matter this year and I have explored two possibilities as to the location of such a building to house our records and furnish an office for the Grand Secretary.

First, I have conferred with the Trustees of New England Lodge No. 4, who own and meet in a building erected in 1820, and they are willing to entertain a proposition from this Grand Lodge to purchase their property consisting of their Lodge building and a lot of 110-foot frontage on North High Street, Worthington, Ohio. To my knowledge, this is the oldest Lodge building in the State of Ohio that has been used continuously as a meeting place for a Masonic Lodge. By the purchase of this property by our own Grand Lodge, we would accomplish several things. First, we would preserve the old building as a place of Masonic historic interest. Second, it would furnish the ground on which to build a Grand Secretary's office. Third, it would be centrally located in the State. Fourth, this Grand Lodge has saved enough money in the salary paid the Grand Secretary over a period of twenty-eight years to make this purchase and build the kind of building needed. The second suggestion I have would be to locate the building at our own Masonic Home, Springfield, Ohio.

I therefore recommend that the incoming Grand Master appoint a Committee of five to explore the possibility and advisability of this Grand Lodge purchasing a site and erecting a building to house the records of this Grand Lodge and furnish an office for the Grand Secretary following the plans outlined in the Grand Master's address.

Grand Master Judd was also concerned about the Ohio Masonic Home. "The work of our Masonic Home is big business," he said, "and is carried on by the Trustees under a Charter secured from the State of Ohio in 1890." Of these Trustees, six represent the Grand Lodge, one the Grand Council, three the Grand Chapter and Grand Commandery, and two the Scottish Rite.

"At the 1947 Session of this Grand Lodge," Judd added, "there was issued a mandate by The Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of Ohio to the Board of Trustees of The Ohio Masonic Home, directing that the Board initiate necessary action at its November stated meeting to amend the declaration under the Articles of Incorporation of the Home to provide that said Home should be under the auspices and control of the Grand Lodge."

He said the Board expressed doubts as to the validity of the mandate, but did consider the matter. It voted and the mandate lost by two votes. "The Trustees of the Masonic Home feel they have complied with the mandate of the Grand Lodge," added the Grand Master. "However, there are members of this Grand Lodge who feel that the above action of the Board of Trustees . . . does not comply with the mandate of the Grand Lodge and that mandate still stands and has never been complied with.... This situation has caused a division in our thinking in this Grand Lodge and has caused much embarrassment and presented a difficult problem to succeeding Grand Masters and to the Board of Trustees."

The Grand Master offered a solution: "In view of the doubts expressed, but with a view of implementing and carrying out the desires of the Grand Lodge therein indicated, I recommend that this Grand Lodge at this Annual Communication rescind the mandate issued at the Annual
Communication in 1947." He noted, however, that the Grand Lodge had contributed more than ten times as much money to the Home as the other bodies combined. Therefore he recommended the other bodies give the Grand Lodge majority representation of the Board.

The Jurisprudence Committee was asked to study the Grand Master's recommendations and report the following year.

The History Committee said it had been unable to find any of the research done by John G. Reeves subsequent to the printing of the last volume of the history of the Grand Lodge. It had also been unable to find the plates of the first three volumes of the history. It said its work was
about 25 percent completed toward bringing the history up-to-date. This work has never been found, either.

The Committee making plans for the 150th Birthday of the State of Ohio for 1953 recommended the Grand Secretary's office do much of the work. It wanted his office to conduct a survey to determine who the Masons were who made up the following: 1. Officers of the State government; 2. Officers of city and county governments; 3. Judges in its courts; 4. Presidents of colleges; 5. Principals of its high schools; 6. Editors of newspapers: 7. Clergymen of its churches; 8 Prominent authors; 9. Leaders in medicine, commerce, industry and the arts. For some reason it left out the Ohioans who were Masons serving in the federal government!

Early in February, 1953, Holland was devastated by a flood. Through The Masonic Service Association, Grand Master Thomas A. Reber sent $5,000. An appreciative letter was received by the Grand Secretary from the Grand Master of the "Netherlands Grand Lodge."

Throughout the year, special events were held to commemorate the 150th year of the State of Ohio.

Grand Master Reber, of Warpole Lodge No. 176, during the Annual Communication held on October 16, 1953, pleaded: "Harmony, my Brethren, is the strength and support of all institutions, especially this. In order that concord and harmony may prevail, and that the future of our Masonic Home may be assured, I recommend that the directive or mandate approved by the Grand Lodge in 1947 be rescinded."

This became the first order of business in the afternoon. Past Grand Master James J. Harbage moved the Grand Master's recommendation be approved. Past Grand Master Dillon Crist seconded the motion. Past Grand Master Harry G. Gram moved the motion "be tabled." The
debate continued and the point of order called for was overruled. Some lengthy, and not too temperate, speeches were made. But when the vote was called for, the Grand Master's
recommendation was carried. The mandate was rescinded by the Grand Lodge. The representation from the Masonic bodies would remain the same.

President Harry S Truman sent a representative to The Grand Lodge of Ohio to present it with a special item. The representative noted:

Within the last two years, the White House has been rebuilt, because there was grave danger that the walls and floors, crumbling with age, would give way.... Thus a new White House was erected, a house within a house. In the wrecking, stones bearing the marks of the craftsmen who worked on the buildings were discovered. There are enough of these stones, each bearing a Masonic mark, to give one to each Grand Lodge in the United States. The Masons who placed their marks on these stones were not stone carvers; they were layers of blocks, as are bricklayers today. Each Master Mason had his own mark (this should sound familiar to Royal Arch Masons) and this mark he carved upon the stones that he laid in the White House, doubtless in the hope that some day someone would see it and know that these stones were laid by Master Masons. Forty-nine of these stones were given by M. W. Bro. Truman, then President of the United States, to be presented to the forty-nine Grand Lodges in the United States.

This letter was then read to the delegates:

November 22, 1952

The Grand Master

The Grand Lodge of Ohio

Most Worshipful Sir:
Through the good offices of an ambassador from the Grand Lodge of the District of Columbia, which is Masonically supreme in the Capital of the nation, I place in your hands a stone taken from the walls of the White House during its just completed rebuilding.

Enough of these stones, each with a Masonic symbol upon it, were discovered to give one to each Grand Lodge in the United States.

These evidences of the number of the Craft who built the President's official residence, links
Freemasonry with your Government so intimately, that I believe your Grand Lodge will cherish this link between the Fraternity and the Government of the nation, of which the White House is a symbol.

Sincerely and fraternally yours,
Harry S Truman

The White House
Washington, D.C.

A Special Committee on Liability Insurance appointed by the Grand Master reported: "Your Committee feels that with the ever-increasing number of claim filed for personal injury, food poisoning, and other liability claims, your Grand Lodge should protect itself as best it can and that all Subordinate Bodies and Temple Companies or Associations should do likewise. Your Committee recognizes the fact that many Temple Companies and some Lodges have protected themselves by carrying liability insurance, but your committee is also cognizant of the fact that most Lodges and perhaps some Temple Associations or Companies do not. Your Committee also feels that this is a matter for each Lodge and for Temple Associations to decide for themselves. However, the plan as adopted in California and elsewhere, is one that has been carefully worked out and is now offered by a reputable insurance company to The Grand Lodge of Ohio and its constituent Lodges on a most favorable basis as regards rates and scope of coverage."

The Committee then recommended the Grand Lodge take out liability insurance "at the approximate annual premium of $300." It also recommended all Subordinate Lodges and Temple Associations consider the same plan. The recommendations were adopted. Twenty years later, a blanket policy would offer protection for all the Lodges in Ohio.

The Jurisprudence Committee proposed the recommendation of the Grand Master that the "Foreign Correspondent" be changed to "Fraternal Correspondent" be adopted. It was.

The new Trial Commission reported it had eight cases presented to it during the year. It believed the Commission would be used more and more as the Lodges learned of its value.

The Code was amended to permit Chapters of the Order of DeMolay to meet in Masonic Temples.

Senator John W. Bricker addressed the Grand Lodge at the opening session of its Annual Communication on October 15, 1954:

Today we are in one of those eras of civilization when the power to destroy has completely overrun and overwhelmed the power to defend humanity. I have been in many Lodges in many countries of the world. I had the privilege of attending many Lodges in Europe a few years ago with the Grand Master of Delaware. It was a unique privilege I had indeed. I traveled last year through some of the countries where our Lodges are not welcome – as in South American countries. In two countries especially were Lodges really banned. Not only were the Lodges banned but where bigotry itself preys upon Protestantism, persecuting missionaries and destroying churches. In many other countries, I found a nucleus of Masonic brethren, who believe as we believe, who want to see their countries and their cause progress. I shall leave within a couple of weeks to visit many other countries of the world. I hope, and I have the promise of the Grand Master, that I shall carry a message from him to Masonic Brethren I shall find in those countries.

In his conclusion he said: "Masonry should extend its right hand not only to those who are in our midst here, replenish our storehouse of mercy, but likewise spread it around the world if it is possible to do so. I believe in this Craft of ours. Its fundamental principles are imperishable in the hearts of men who love their God and respect their fellow men. May we look beyond our own horizons, may we extend that right hand of brotherly love and helpfulness and charity everywhere that it may be received in the end in God's good time and the peace of the world may be established and this Order may serve our fellow man."

Grand Secretary Harry S. Johnson made a comprehensive report of the thirty years he had served in this office. During this period, no Charter had been surrendered. Receipts in 1924 were $268,000; this year they are $905,000. Membership in 1924 was 187,701; in 1930 it was 209,707. Then the depression struck and membership declined until, in 1940, it was 172,403, a net loss of 37,304. In 1954, the total membership was 273,505, continuing to leave Ohio the second largest Masonic Jurisdiction in the United States. In 1924, the Bond Account totaled $155,000; in 1954 it was $1,040,000. In 1924, the Endowment Fund of the Ohio Masonic Home was $241,681; in 1954 it was $3,171,614. During the thirty-year period, the Lodges contributed
$10,235000 to the Home.

He still felt the management of the Home should be reorganized because the Lodges, through the Grand Lodge, were contributing 90 to 95 percent of the money required to run the Home. Contributions to the George Washington Masonic National Memorial amounted to $293,074.50. He proudly concluded his report:

And now comes the best part of this report. It is the climax of thirty years of the history of the doings of Masonry in Ohio. It is proposed to move the office of the Grand Secretary to Worthington, Ohio, as nearly the center of Ohio as might possibly be expected, acquire the property of New England Lodge No. 4; restore its building to its pristine and impressive simplicity; provide a building for the office of the Grand Secretary, construct a Lodge Room on the floor above the Grand Secretary's office for New England Lodge and other Masonic Bodies that may be accommodated therein. And also establish the original New England Lodge building as a museum and shrine for the Masons of Ohio, and all of this will be done, if the Grand Lodge acts favorably on the proposal, without appealing to the Lodges or members for a single penny. The money will come from what has been accumulated during the past thirty years in our bond account which is now $1,040,000. And more than that, the Finance Committee which you will authorize at this session will be asked to appropriate sufficient funds from the interest of our bonds to care for its maintenance and operation for all time. There is one Grand Jurisdiction that has just borrowed $700,000 from their charity fund and another one $500,000 for necessary
buildings. But this is something the Masons of Ohio are getting practically for nothing as the property will be an asset and the bonds, the income from which will provide adequate maintenance and operation for all time without being a financial charge at any time on the
Masonry of Ohio. You cannot beat that; it is a fine example for other Bodies to follow.

The Special Committee on the Grand Secretary's Office, the Committee on Ways and Means, and the Jurisprudence Committee agreed a contract should be signed with New England Lodge No. 4 for the construction of a Grand Lodge office building. Unanimous consent was requested for immediate action It was granted and the resolution unanimously adopted.

During the year, Grand Master John L. Guss, of Port Lawrence Lodge No. 685, had sent a letter to all the Lodges stating: "By an Act of Congress and the President of the United States, the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag of our Country now reads: 'I pledge allegiance to the flag of the
United States of America and to the Republic for which it stands, one nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.' It is ordered that the pledge as now stated shall be used on every possible occasion when we are privileged to express our heart's devotion to our Country under God."

Grand Master Guss told the delegates: "I feel the time has arrived when we should face squarely the issue with reference to intoxicating liquors. I do not see how we can any longer straddle the fence on the issue." He strongly recommended the Code "be written to cover every phase of the liquor business." If it couldn't be rewritten, "then I would recommend that paragraph 1, section 40 of the Code be removed from the Code in its entirety."

This recommendation was referred to the Jurisprudence Committee. It wouldn't act immediately. The matter was "too controversial." It asked for a year to study the entire question.

During the Annual Conference of Grand Secretaries in Washington, D.C., in February, Past Grand Master Harry S. Johnson was elected Vice-President of the Conference. He and Grand Master Ed W. Kuns were among the guests of Frank S. Land at a breakfast in honor of President Dwight D. Eisenhower. "Members of the President's cabinet and official family, together with many members of the Senate and House of Representatives" heard "pertinent remarks from our President and from the Secretary of Defense, Charles E. Wilson."

Grand Master Kuns, of Widow's Son Lodge No.571, learned the Grand Master and some of the officers of The Grand Lodge of the Philippines would raise Prime Minister Hatoyama on March 26, 1955, in Tokyo. He sent a congratulatory cablegram to the Philippine Grand Master in

The Grand Master learned on March 14 that Robert M. Metcalf, an Antioch College Professor, had refused to answer questions about his "Communist affiliations." This upset the Grand Master, so he wrote to the Worshipful Master of Metcalf's Lodge, Yellow Springs No. 42. He
learned the names of the endorsers of Metcalf's petition and the investigating committee. From them he learned that Metcralf was not a Communist.

Metcalf had said he wasn't, but he was indicted. He refused give the Grand Jury names they demanded. He didn't want other innocent people placed in the same position he was. It was learned during the investigation Metcalf learned the some of the windows for the George Washington Masonic National Memorial.

After a thorough investigation, the Grand Master wrote to Metcalf informing him that "as a result of my confidential investigation I am proud to have you as a Brother Mason. I hope that some day our Masonic paths or other paths may cross. In the meantime, if I can be of if I any service to you, please advise."

In his reply, Metcalf wrote: "I cannot begin to tell you what a comfort it was to receive your letter with its kind words of support and understanding. It has been equally gratifying to have the support of my brother Masons and many others in Yellow Springs.

"It would be a great pleasure for me if you could find the opportunity sometime to visit my studio. Many of the large drawings for the George Washington Memorial windows are still in my possession. Also I would like to give you a fuller picture of the situation in which I became involved so you may be assured that I have not broken the trust of my Brother Masons."

"In our zeal to oppose Communism, we must not become blinded to the fact that unfounded gossip and accusations might unjustly besmirch the reputation of a good man apd true," Grand Master Kuns told the Grand Lodge. "We must exercise an open mind in considering any charges of allegiance to a group opposed to our form of government and not be hasty but ascertain all of the facts on which to exercise the good judgment and common sense that Masonry calls for."

Dr. James J. Tyler, the Grand Historian, received a letter dated April 28, 1955, from Robert W. Taylor. In this letter, Taylor said: "As you know, the Ohio Masonic Historical Society has been dormant for more than sixteen years and during that period I have been the Treasurer and Secretary by either appointment or adoption. . . I suggest that in your report to the Grand Lodge next October, with the consent of the Grand Master, you recommend that all records and operations of the Ohio Masonic Historical Society be operated by and from the office of the Grand Secretary." The Grand Master was in agreement; so was the Grand Lodge. The records would be placed in the new Grand Lodge office building.

Worshipful C. William O'Neill, Attorney General of Ohio, welcomed the delegates to Columbus on October 21, 1955, for the Annual Communication. Senator John W. Bricker was asked to address the Grand Lodge. He gave a hard-hitting report on the growth of Communism, ending
his address by saying: "It is a challenge such as Masonry never faced in its history. We dare not be complacent on the face of an enemy like we have."

Grand Master Ed W. Kuns said he had traveled about 49,000 miles by automobile and another 8,000 miles by air during the year. He had been as far north as Canada and as far south as Havana, Cuba.

Early in the year, the Grand Master' had learned the Bible on which William Howard Taft was obligated on February 18, 1909, was for sale. He ordered it purchased for $480 from the Scottish Rite Library in Washington. He felt it belonged in Ohio, because "probably never again would any Grand Master make any President of the United States a Mason at Sight."

The Committee appointed to determine whether a Board of General Purposes was needed in Ohio reported such a Board was not needed. It recommended, however, the Grand Lodge establish a Standing Committee of nine members to be known as "The Committee on Grand Lodge Policies." It stated: "The goal of the proposed committee would be to coordinate all of our functions and activities to plot the chart and furnish direction for the most efficient course to pursue in the future, at the same time retaining all rights, prerogatives, and guarantees which are now provided by our laws." The Grand Lodge approved the recommendation for this new Committee, but it would be titled "the Advisory Committee."

The Grand Lodge building in Worthington was under construction. It was felt more land was required. The Grand Lodge approved a recommendation of the Ways and Means Committee and appropriated $41,000 for the purpose.

The Grand Lodge adopted the following amendment to Section 37 of the By-Laws: "All motions and amendments which in any form place upon the Subordinate Lodges a levy or assessment shall be decided by a written or secret ballot only."

The President of The Ohio Masonic Home Board of trustees noted the drastic change in the population trend for the Home. Men and women were staying out longer because of other means of support. When they finally entered the Home their physical needs had deteriorated to the point where the Home must be prepared to take care of them in hospital facilities. And there were only five children in the Home. Twenty years ago, there were over 300.

Grand Master Frank W. Nicholas, of Riverview Lodge No. 717, opened the Annual Communication of the Grand Lodge on October 19, 1956, with a note of sadness. Past Grand Master and Grand Treasurer Dillon Crist had died suddenly in May. On March 4, Judge Ed William Kuns, the junior Past Grand Master passed away.

The Grand Master was happy to report the Grand Lodge office building was dedicated to the uses and purposes of Freemasonry on October 12, 1956. He gave an historical account of the long wait for this event:

By the completion of this building we are reminded again of the truth of those familiar words: time, patience, and perseverance will accomplish all things. One hundred and eighteen years ago, the dream of a Grand Lodge Building was first brought upon the floor of a Grand Lodge Communication. The response was prompt and favorable. A committee was appointed with authority to raise funds from the Lodges. Lancaster Lodge No. 57 subscribed $5,000, provided the building would be built in Lancaster. Two lots were purchased in Lancaster, stone was bought, and foundations were started and the cornerstone of the foundation laid with Masonic ceremony. A contest for the best set of plans was arranged and the plans of a prominent eastern architect were selected. Then came evil days. Money was not forth-coming because of economic conditions in the country. which continued for several years. Work was discontinued and in 1844 it was announced that the project had been abandoned. The material on the site was sold and finally in 1863 the lots themselves were disposed of at considerable loss. Thus did our first attempt to build a Grand Lodge Building end in failure. Now one hundred and eighteen years after it was first proposed, we have our building, attractive, functional, and fully paid for.

Grand Master Nicholas noted there was much interest in the "longhand ritual." "Our longhand ritual was authorized and prepared in 1892. The paper upon which it is written is discolored with age and brittle, there are numerous alterations, the ink is faded, and the binding is loose. It has become a museum piece. I therefore recommend that a new master Ritual be prepared by typing the Ritual on individual sheets to be placed in a looseleaf binder. It would be more legible and easier to read. As changes are made the entire sheet could be re-typed and interlineations there by avoided. If sheets become soiled or torn, they could easily be replaced. I would further recommend that our present longhand Ritual be placed in the safe in our new building or in a locked case in the museum."

The Ritual Committee and Grand Lodge agreed with the Grand Master.

Past Grand Master Harry S. Johnson was congratulated on his election to the Presidency of the Grand Secretaries Conference.

The two principal officers of Oola Khan Grotto of Cincinnati were called to the East. The organization had violated the laws of the Grand Lodge insofar as gambling was concerned. Grand Master Nicholas told them:

By virtue of my position as Grand Master, clothed with the inherent authority to protect and preserve Masonry and its good name, I deemed this to be a Masonic offense, and after full consideration of the gravity of the offense, I concluded that it did not warrant a suspension but did warrant a severe reprimand. For that purpose I have asked these two Brothers to appear be
fore this Body this day.

The officers of your Grand Lodge are always sorry when matters of this kind arise, and yet they realize that the good name of Masonry must be protected. We cannot permit the members of Masonic bodies or organizations basing their membership upon Masonic affiliation to hide behind the excuse that these affairs were sponsored by their womenfolk, who are not subject to
Masonic discipline, nor to divorce themselves temporarily from their Masonic identity and act as unattached individuals. To do this would only serve to emasculate our Masonic law and requirements.

It is most regrettable that a man who has been chosen to head one of the organizations basing its membership upon Masonic affiliation should lend his presence and his participation to such an affair. It is also regrettable that one who has been honored not only by that organization which bases its membership upon Masonic affiliation, but also by the Brethren of his own Lodge by being elected as its Master should so far forget the basic tenets of our Order, that he would actively participate in an affair of this kind. I would like to point out also that the offense was heightened by the face that one of the prizes chanced off was a bottle of whiskey. Perhaps the offense was committed thoughtlessly, but thoughtlessness does not make it less of an offense, nor can it be condoned upon that ground.

I have been unable to find any reasonable excuse for the conduct of you two Brethren in this matter and I do, therefore, officially reprimand you both. I trust that you will long remember this event, and I direct you to bring this reprimand to the attention of every officer and member of Oola Khan Grotto, and especially to the at tension of the Board of Governors, who must share the responsibility in seeing that parties of gatherings that infringe upon the laws, rules or tenets or Freemasonry are not permitted in the Grotto club rooms by Grotto units or any other organizations.

The Committee on History reported it was still working at gathering data and material for other volumes of the continuing history of the Grand Lodge. It hoped to have it completed by the coming year.

Section 63 of the Code of the Grand Lodge was amended to permit Job's Daughters and Rainbow Girls to use Masonic Temples for their meetings with the approval of the Masonic Bodies occupying the hall or rooms.

The Grand Lodge agreed to change the name of the Committee on Masonic Service to that of "Masonic Information, Education and Service."

The year 1956 marked the centennial of the year James A. Garfield went to Hiram College as a teacher. The year also was the 125th anniversary of his birth, and the 75th of his death at the hands of an assassin. A year after going to Hiram College, McKinley became its President and he was only 26 years old. At the insistence of Past Master William R. Pringle, a member of the Board of Trustees of Hiram Lodge, the Grand Lodge participated in impressive ceremonies on Sunday, November 19, 1956.

During the ceremonies, Grand Master John W. Barkley, of Laurel Lodge No.657, said: "President Fall, it is my high privilege as Grand Master of Masons in Ohio, to present to Hiram College in behalf of The Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of Ohio, this bronze plaque to be placed on the wall of the foyer in this auditorium, and I hereby dedicate it to the memory of James A. Garfield, Master Mason, who devoted his life and actions to the service of God, his country, his neighbor and his fellow man, and who died a martyr to his fidelity."

The inscription on the plaque reads: "In appreciation of the service of a distinguished Freemason to his fellowmen, as a clergyman, soldier, statesman and President of Hiram College, this plaque is placed on the one hundred twenty-fifth anniversary of the birth of James A. Garfield, the twentieth President of the United States. By The Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of Ohio. November 19, 1956."

In his welcome to the Grand Lodge during its Annual Communication held on October 18, 1957, Governor and Brother C. William O'Neill related some of the history of American Union Lodge No.1, of which he was a member. He was high in his praise of the leadership coming out of
Freemasonry: "Down through the years there have been governors, senators, congressmen, members of the supreme court and scores of other public servants and statesmen who as Masons, through the tenets of our Fraternity, have contributed very much to the preservation and enrichment of our heritage both in Ohio and in our nation."

O'Neill said he was looking forward to 1958 when the Grand Lodge would celebrate the 150th anniversary of its founding.

Grand Master John W. Barkley said: "It was not always the custom in our Grand Lodge for the Grand Master to deliver an Annual Address. It was M. W. Bro. William J. Reese who at Lancaster at the Annual Communication of the Grand Lodge in 1840 first delivered what might be called an "Annual Address of the Grand Master." Reese then recommended the Grand Master give an account of his service, and "incorporate in his report such suggestions and recommendations as the intercourse and experience incident to his station always qualify him to make."

"The Grand Lodge apparently thought well of M. W. Bro. Reese's suggestion," said the Grand Master, "for the very next day it adopted" a resolution making an Address mandatory. "By reason of that action," added Barkley, "The Brethren of the Grand Lodge have ever since the
year 1840 been under the necessity of listening to an Annual Address of the Grand Master, and you, my Brethren, are subjected to that necessity today."

The Grand Master praised the work of Dr. James J. Tyler, the Grand Historian, and Past Grand Master Carl W. Ellenwood, the Fraternal Correspondent: "For many years these two Brethren, who have won for themselves recognition not only within our own jurisdiction but beyond its borders as outstanding Masonic scholars, have continued to render invaluable service to Grand Lodge." He recommended the reports made annually by Dr. Tyler be compiled into a book. This was never done.

Grand Master Barkley stated:

The past year will long be remembered as the one which marked the completion of the construction and furnishing of the Grand Lodge headquarters building at Worthington, and the removal of the Grand Lodge offices from Cincinnati to the new building. Those of you who
have seen the new headquarters building and the restored old Temple, dating back to 1820 and said to be the oldest building west of the Alleghenies continuously used for Masonic purposes, have been I am sure, like myself, thrilled by the beauty of the completed project. With rare skill has the architect designed the new to harmonize with the old. What a shrine the old building will be, what visitations it will inspire, how serviceable will be the beautiful new headquarters office, and how happy we are that the new building provides not only the facilities required by the Grand Lodge but also a magnificent meeting place for the Worthington Masonic Bodies. Our
building is not only an office building but a Masonic Temple in the truest sense of the word, a symbol of all that Masonry represents in our Grand Jurisdiction."

On behalf of the Grand Lodge, Grand Master-elect Andrew J. White, Jr., called Past Grand Master William M. Judd to the East. He told him and the delegates:

Many people take the precaution in life to erect a monument at their cemetery lot where they expect one day to be finally interred. I do not know whether Bill Judd has made any such preparations but it us not important. He has built for himself a monument in the Grand Lodge Office Building in Worthington, which I hope will stand for many, many years - a testimony to the wisdom and foresight and integrity of a Grand Master who realized the need and saw to it, with your consent, that the need be filled.

Bill, there has been prepared for you a colored photograph of the building which you may hang in your office, or in your home, or wherever you may care to hang it, as a reminder that your monument has been erected and prepared for you.

The Grand Lodge adopted an amendment to Section 3 of the Code which provided, under certain circumstances, for an annuity membership in a Lodge. Section 13 of the By-Laws was amended to provide a salary on a monthly basis for the Grand Secretary as provided "in the budget approved by the Grand Lodge."

Grand Master Barkley had some kind words, and a caution, for Fellowcraft Clubs: "It has been my privilege to see the work of a number of these clubs, and in each instance I have been impressed by the excellence with which the work was done. However, there are some such clubs
which are failing to measure up to their opportunities. It is the Masters of the Lodges who can do most to correct any abuses which exist among these clubs, for it is within the power of the Master to withhold permission for such a club to work in his Lodge unless he is satisfied that the work will be properly done."

One hundred and fifty years of Freemasonry under The Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons if Ohio, was celebrated throughout 1958. Grand Master Andrew J. White, Jr., of York Lodge No.568, opened Emergent Communications of the Grand Lodge in the six founding Lodges. The first was at Chillicothe on the day the Grand Lodge was formed - January 7.

The honored Lodge was Scioto No. 6. It was presented a plaque reading: "Scioto Lodge No. 6 F. & A. M. One of the Lodges which in 1808 founded The Grand Lodge, Free and Accepted Masons of Ohio. Erected January 7, 1958." Similar plaques were later presented to the other five founding Lodges.

A three-act play entitled "The Organization of the Grand Lodge," written by Rolfe C. Bradbury, depicted the historical events of the week of January 3, 1808, in Chillicothe. The first act took p]ace in Needham's Tavern; the balance of the play took place in the old courthouse. The Grand Master spoke of the courage needed then, and the courage needed now, for Freemasonry and its principles to survive.

Scioto Lodge surprised everyone by presenting to the Grand Lodge a stone taken from the old statehouse in Chillicothe. The stone was carved by the Barnhart Granite Company It has the Masonic emblem carved on it, and the inscription: "A stone from the first Capitol of Ohio. Pre
sented to The Grand Lodge of Ohio, marking its Founding in Chillicothe on January 7, 1808." The stone was placed in the Grand Lodge Museum in Worthington.

Zanesville and Lodge of Amity No. 5 was the site of the second commemorative meeting. On February 28, 1958, the Grand Lodge met in the Shinnick Memorial Auditorium of the Zanesville High School. Past Grand Master William R. Pringle was the principal speaker.

Nova Caesarea Harmony Lodge No. 2 joined hands with the Grand Lodge on March 12, 1958, in the Masonic Temple in Cincinnati. The highlight was the presentation of a play depicting historical events in the early days of the Lodge. The visitation of three highly distinguished men and Masons were illustrated: General Andrew Jackson of New Orleans fame, Past Grand Master of Masons in Tennessee, and President of the United States; the Marquis de Lafayette, the close friend of George Washington; and DeWitt Clinton, Past Grand Master and several times Governor of New York.

Packard Music Hall in Warren found Old Erie Lodge No. 3 playing host to the Grand Lodge on April 19. Over twelve hundred Masons were served dinner. Later all were entertained by The Warren Masonic Chorus. It was noted the Music Hall was a gift to the city of Warren by W. D.
Packard who was raised in Old Erie Lodge on April 22, 1884. It was he who founded the Packard Motor Car Company and the Packard Electrical Company, in 1958 a division of General Motors Corporation.

Grand Master White was the principal speaker. He said, "Life has three phases for institutions as well as men. They are the past, present, and future. . . . As living Masons, the past is behind us, the present is ours to use that intellect which God put in our beings, and the future is ahead and our growth into it is not limited by the past nor present at all. As Masons and men we can grow in the future to whatever we want to be and Masonry can do the same." Dr. James J. Tyler, the Grand Historian, read a paper entitled "Old Erie's Role in Founding the M. W. Grand Lodge of Ohio."

On May 10, the Grand Lodge was opened in the Temple of American Union Lodge No. 1 in Marietta. A barbecue dinner in the Shrine Masonic Park followed the opening. The Governor, C. William O'Neill, a member of American Union Lodge, welcomed the guests. James Royal Case of Connecticut, an Honorary Member of the Lodge, gave the principal address.

Case recounted much of the early history of the Lodge from its formation in 1776. About Jonathan Heart, he said he had served as Worshipful Master from 1779 to 1790. "He has been called the best-known Mason in the Revolutionary Army, for he sat in the East while literally hundreds looked upon him there, or listened to his lectures, for he was widely reputed as a skilled Mason, and was a very well-known Royal Arch Mason." Heart "died in a desperate counterattack at St. Clair's defeat on the Wabash, November 4, 1791. The next spring, when the bodies, of remnants were found, they were buried in a mass grave at Fort Recovery, the cannon dragged from the river booming out the funeral grand honors in a salvo of 3 x 3."

He said James Kilbourne was a prominent figure in the Scioto Land Company, and was a Past Master of St. Mark's Lodge in Granby, Connecticut.

"Two Grand Lecturers who were active in Connecticut also left their mark in Ohio," added Brother Case. "Jeremy Ladd Cross, a native of New Hampshire, was the first Grand Lecturer of Connecticut. In the course of of a southern trip, he visited along the Ohio River, lecturing in Lodges and Chapters, and first introducing or communicating the Royal and Select Masters degrees, now conferred in Councils.

"John Barney, the crippled tailor and gifted lecturer, spent several years in Ohio, from 1836 until 1843, as Grand Lecturer. Probably the present Ohio Ritual of the Lodge was developed from the work which Barney taught, derived from Webb through Gleason."

Return Jonathan Meigs, Senior, was highly praised by Case: "He left his bench on the Lexington Alarm and became a great troop leader – so good he was never made a general. He went through the Maine woods with Arnold against Quebec. . . ."

The last of the Founding Lodges to host the Grand Lodge was New England No. 4 of Worthington. The Temple was too small to hold the large gathering, so the ceremonies were conducted in the elementary school. A costumed group represented early members of the Lodge, and The contributions of the early members of New England Lodge were described.

The 150th anniversary celebration carried over into the Annual Communication held in Columbus on October 10, 1954. An unprecedented number of distinguished guests were resent to add to the festivities.

Gand Master Andrew J. White, Jr., highly praised the events the Lodges of Ohio planned for the sesquicentennial. He was particularly proud of those held in the Founding Lodges.

The Grand Master pointed out several cases where Masons had not acted according to the teachings of the Craft: "Were one of our number to rise among us and shout 'To hell with Masonry,' we would be indignant and without delay would subject him to Masonic discipline. Why, then, should we tolerate the actions of those of our number who in deeds, or by inaction, as eloquently as in words express the same offensive sentiment?" He then called before him four members of an appendant organization had carried on gambling activities during the year. He publicly reprimanded them for violating the laws of the Grand Lodge.

Under a section entitled "For the Birds" Grand Master While described the action, or inaction, of varying types of Freemasons.

The Grand Master noted "this Grand Lodge has successfully carried on its program with a per capita tax of 30¢ per member. Only a steady growth in numbers and a prudent management of our finances made this possible." He cited examples of other Grand Lodges providing many
times that sum for the operation of their Grand Lodges and their Masonic Homes. He concluded the section by saying: "I began this section with the words, 'Don't look now but your zippers are stuck.' I end it with the suggestion that in the interests of sound progress, you loosen your zippers and open your purses a little more for the support of those endeavors which are now ours and which ought to be ours in the days ahead."

Gand Master White closed his Address by saying:

A century and a half ago, in a place then deemed so unimportant that it was not identified in any written record thus far discovered, was born a new Grand Lodge of Freemasons. It was conceived in the minds of the representatives of six tiny Lodges, widely scattered over a virgin territory, a literal wilderness. It came into being by the formal action of but four of those Lodges, and the Masons within its Jurisdiction numbered a scant 300.

But the weakness of its total members was more than offset by the strength of its leadership. Four courageous pioneers, men of intelligence, citizens of stature in their every pursuit, were the founders of The Grand Lodge F. & A. M. of Ohio. The strengths of those men became the strength of Freemasonry in this state and were to become its strengths in other states carved out
of the Northwest Territory.

The Committee on History reported it was still working on updating the Grand Lodge history. It hope to have it completed during the coming year.

The Board of Trustees of the Ohio Masonic Home said it had voted to close the Masonic Home printing plant. It had originally been established to furnish vocational training for some of the children at the Home. For a number of years there had been no children to train in the print shop.

Grand Master Chester Hodges, of Linwood Lodge No. 567, was selected to preside over the 40th Annual Meeting of The Masonic Service Association in Washington on February 26, 1959. He highly praised the work of the Association, the late Carl H. Claudy, his successor, John D Cunningham, and Conrad Hahn who had been selected as its Editor two years earlier.

Article 5 of the Constitution of the Grand Lodge was amended to read: "The Officers of the Grand Lodge, their titles and rank shall be as follows:

The Most Worshipful Grand Master
The Right Worshipful Deputy Grand Master
The Right Worshipful Senior Grand Warden
The Right Worshipful Junior Grand Warden
The Right Worshipful Grand Treasurer
The Right Worshipful Grand Secretary
The Right Worshipful Grand Chaplain
The Right Worshipful Grand Orator
The Right Worshipful Grand Marshal
The Worshipful Senior Grand Deacon
The Worshipful Junior Grand Deacon
The Worshipful Grand Tyler

"Except for the offices of Grand Chaplain and Grand Tyler, no Brother shall be eligible to any of the foregoing Grand Lodge offices who has not served as Master of a Subordinate Lodge, and provided further that no Brother shall be eligible to be elected Grand Treasurer of Grand Secretary who shall have passed his seventieth birthday."

Past Grand Master and Grand Secretary harry Stevens Johnson, at the age of 91, died in May, 1959. He had been a Mason since 1891, and served as Grand Secretary for 36 years. The Grand Master appointed Andrew J. White, Jr., to serve the balance of the term.

In his Address to the Grand Lodge on October 16, 1959. Grand Master Hodges said: "We have made some progress in this Jurisdiction in the building of new Masonic Temples and the renovating of old ones. Of this we can well be proud. But why keep our light under a bushel?

"In my travels about this state I experienced no difficulty in finding the meeting places for luncheon clubs and other organizations, but all too often it required a hunting expedition to find the Masonic Temple.

"Why not have a sign on these beautiful edifices indicating that they are Masonic Temples?"

Gand Master Hodges concluded his Address with a poem, evidently written by himself:

CONCLUSION

My pathway began in Kentucky –
A circuitous road through the hills –
An humble start often remembered
For lack of life's 'fancies and Frills';
The path has led steadily upward
And crossed to Ohio, 'tis true,
According the Grand Master's title
With all the honors there due.

I now find myself at a milestone –
A turning point here in the road –
I seek for some yardstick to measure
The depth of the gratitude owed;
I'm grateful to all of the Lodges
Who've taken me into their ranks,
All, officers and their committees –
To these I now offer my thanks.

To Cincinnati Gas and Electric,
The company I serve with great pride,
I'll always be deeply indebted
In ways that the years cannot hide;
The youth – DeMolay and Job's Daughters,
The Rainbow for Girls – all of the rest –
I could not forget them in passing,
And wish for them all of life's best.

It's a long way from hills of Kentucky
To the peak where the Grand Master stands,
And I anxiously gaze from this summit
On troubled and war-weary lands;
Our country is great and courageous,
But enemies hem it about,
And lustful false prophets are scheming
To pour on our heads fear and doubt.

If, then, we have helped men keep reason –
A lamp trimmed and burning by night –
Our Masonry serves a good purpose,
And heads us from chaos toward light;

If I, as Grand Master, have aided
In holding this lamp toward the sun,
My labors have been well-rewarded –
One goal on my pathway is won!

Andrew J. White, Jr. who had been appointed acting Grand Secretary by the Grand Master with the death of Harry Johnson on May 19, 1959, was elected Grand Secretary.

The Grand Lodge amended its By-Laws to increase the per capita to $3.00; 80¢ to be used for the operation of the Grand Lodge, $2.20 to be paid to the Trustees of the Ohio Masonic Home.

The Ritual Committee reported the "pen-written Ritual" had been delivered to the Grand Lodge office." "During the year seven meetings have been held at which the type-written copy of the Ritual was used under the direction in each case of a representative of the Ritual Committee. It is pleasing to report, after one full year of experience with this volume, that the sound judgment of the Grand Lodge in authorizing this copy becomes more and more apparent as its successful service in instruction meetings demonstrates."

A Special Committee on Public Relations said it had found public relations to be vital if Freemason is to continue as an organization. It asked for and received another year to study the many problems connected with this activity.

Section XIII of the By-Laws was amended to read: "A Brother who shall have served this Grand Lodge as Grand Secretary for a period of ten years or more, and who shall have become totally disabled or ineligible for reelection by reason of having attained the age of seventy years, shall become Grand Secretary Emeritus, and shall receive as retirement benefits, payable monthly, such amount as shall be provided in the budget approved by the Grand Lodge."

The title of the Committee on Masonic Information, Education, and Service was changed to Masonic Information and Education.

Past Grand Master Carl Wier Ellenwood, the Fraternal Correspondent, noted in his Forward the membership trends are downward in all 49 Jurisdictions in the United States. He also said there was an increasing interest in Masonic educational programs throughout the country. And public relations was becoming an increasing topic of discussion. He predicted this phase would expand within the next few years.

The 1950's came to an end with no major wars on the horizon. The years had been kind to the Communists. Where there were uprisings by satellite countries such as Poland and Hungary, Russia crushed them with tanks and firepower. In Cuba, not yet considered a cog in the Com
munist wheel, Fidel Castro's revolution succeeded. Freemasons and Freemasonry were all but ended there.

The way was paved for the turbulent sixty's.

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